Food Production: Using Lean Manufacturing Principles

Food Production: Using Lean Manufacturing Principles The main objective of the factories was to achieve high economic growth. The improvement in productivity has become need of food industry to take the competitive advantage of global market. The big problem or challenge to food industry is identifying the wastes and meet the market price by maintaining a good profit. The only solution is to reduce total production cost. Lean manufacturing is systematic approach to identify and eliminate the waste through continues improvements. This paper discusses how the production principles of lean manufacturing can be applied in food production to increased production efficiency and improvement productivity and quality. This paper first presents the lean concept and presents the implementation of lean manufacturing system on some organization. Three main factors that food production factories fear, poor and tacky quality, increase of production cost, increase in lead time. Production improvements should be based on the improvements of processes as well as operation. Problems can appear in any of the basic elements that constitute the production area. (Materials, workers, machines and tools, energy, methods, product). So I focus on lean manufacturing the program can help to improve in this area. Problem Statement Why and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production ? 1.3 Importance of the study The main aim of the study is to present the main idea of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field of food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that implemented the Lean manufacturing. 1.4 Research Questions When organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more likely to make positive on food production? 1.5 Research Approach The data collected in this research was stemmed from previous published articles. And present a successful example from companies will be achieved good results after implement lean manufacturing program. The main target of this paper is to be applied as guideline to food production companies in Egypt. II. Literature Review: 2.1 History of Lean Manufacturing. Many of the concepts in LM or lean production originate from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and have been implemented progressively throughout Toyotas operations starting in the 1950s. In 1980s Toyota had increasingly become famous for the efficiency with which it had implemented Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing systems. Now, Toyota is often considered one of the most efficacious and influential manufacturing companies in the world and the company that put the standard for best practices in LM. LM has increasingly been applied by leading manufacturing companies throughout the world, lead by the major automobile manufactures and their equipment suppliers. Lean Manufacturing is becoming an increasingly significant topic for manufacturing companies in developed countries as they try to find procedure to compete more effectively versus competition from Asia. 2.2 Lean Manufacturing. Lean Manufacturing is a set of tools and methodologies that aims for the continuous elimination of all waste in the production process. The main benefits of this are lower production costs; increased output and minimum production lead times. Some of the goals include: Utilization of equipment and area Use equipment and manufacturing area more efficiently by eradicating bottlenecks and maximizing the rate of production though existing equipment, while reducing machine downtime. Defects and wastes Reduce defects and unnecessary physical wastage, including surplus use of raw material inputs, preventable defects, and costs associated with reprocessing defective items and dispensable product characteristics which are not required by customers. Flexibility Have the ability to produce a more elastic range of products with minimum changeover costs and changeover time. Labor productivity Improve labor productivity, both by reducing the inactive time of workers and ensuring that when workers are working, they are using their effort as productively as possible Output Insofar as reduced cycle times, increased labor productivity and removal of bottlenecks and machine downtime can be completed, companies can generally significantly increase output from their existing facilities. Inventory levels Minimize inventory levels at all steps of production, particularly works-in-progress between production steps. Lower inventories also mean lower working capital requirements. Cycle Times Reduce manufacturing lead times and production cycle times by reducing waiting times between processing stages, as well as process preparation times and product. Most of these benefits lead to lower unit production costs for example, more effective use of equipment and space leads to lower depreciation costs per unit produced, more effective use of labor results in lower labor costs per unit produced and lower defects lead to lower cost of goods sold. 2.3 The Five Lean Principles The critical beginning point when changing a traditional production line into a Lean process is the determination of value from the customers points of view, which is significant as the goal of the Lean process is a line where every activity adds a specified customer value to the product. Having identified the value of products, the second step is to identify and map the value stream in the production line. Value stream mapping refers to the mapping of a products route and is explained in more detail further. The third principle is the connection of value creating activities in a continuous flow process. Every dilemma or batch and queue process must be avoided to obtain an uninterrupted flow throughout the production. The ideal production Flow is drawn on a map, and existing procedures changed and equipment relocated to reflect this. The fourth principle is not to produce anything upstream unless it is needed downstream. The principle is in contrast to batch and queue procedures, as seen in mass production, and aims to reduce the amount of resources locked up in inventories. It implies that production must be just-in-time, both internally between processes and externally when delivering products to the End-user. The fifth principle is about pursuing perfection through a continuous improvement. This is not only about creating a product that the customer requires with a minimum of defects, but also includes the perfection of every action in connection with the production process. It involves all employees as they know procedures the most and are closest to make suggestions for improvement. The involvement of everyone in the continuous improvement is what makes Lean a philosophy improving working processes is integrated in job routines. (Womack Jones 2003; Bicheno 2004). 2.5 The kind of waste in food production: Overproduction Producing elements for which there are no client requirements. The Lean principle is to use a pull system, or producing goods just as clients order them. Service organizations operate this way by their very nature. Industrialization organizations, furthermore, have historically operated by a Push System, building products to stock, without firm customer orders. Anything produced beyond the customer demand (safety stocks, work-in-process inventories, etc.) ties up valuable labor and material resources and hence is a waste. Waiting Time during production (service) when no value is added to product (service). This includes waiting for material, information, equipment, tools, stock-outs, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, capacity bottlenecks, etc. The Lean principle is to use a just-in-time (JIT) system- not too soon, not too late. Transportation Unnecessary moving and handling of parts. This includes transporting work-in-process long distances, trucking to and from an off-site storage facility. Lean demands that the material be shipped directly from the vendor to the location in the assembly line where it will be used. Material should be delivered to its point of use. Over-Processing Unnecessary processing or procedures than necessary to meet customer demand. Common examples multiple inspecting. Statistical process control techniques can be used to eliminate or minimize the amount of inspection required. Value Stream Mapping is another lean tool that can be used for this purpose also. This tool is frequently used to help identify non-valued-added steps in the process (for both manufacturers and service organizations). Excess Inventory Excess raw material, or finished goods. Inventory beyond that needed to meet customer demands negatively impacts cash flow and uses valuable floor space. Defects Scrap, rework, replacement production, and inspection. Production defects and service errors waste resources in four ways. First, materials are consumed. Second, the labor used to produce the part (or provide the service) the first time cannot be recovered. Third, labor is required to rework the product (or redo the service). Fourth, labor is required to address any forthcoming customer complaints. Total Quality Management (TQM) is one of the lean tools that can be used to for reducing defects. Excess Motion Unnecessary motion of people or equipment that adds to value to product (service). This is caused by poor workflow, poor layout, housekeeping, and inconsistent or undocumented work methods. Value Stream Mapping is also used to identify this type of waste. Tools like 5S, comfortable workspace design can be used to eliminate this waste. Underutilized People Underutilization of mental, creative, and physical skills and abilities of employees of the organization. Some of the more common causes for this waste include organizational culture, inadequate hiring practices, poor or non-existent training, and high employee turnover. 2.6 The Policy to reduce the waste Policy to reduce waste consists of several systems 1- Reduced Set up Time It reduced the time required to adjust the machines to produce a different product. A long time in the control of the machine means the need to produce large quantities of the same product and thus prevents us from reducing the size of the order, which in turn prevents us from inventory reduction and prevents us from the production process of withdrawing. Permission must be reduced machine set time dramatically. 2- Small Lot size Which is the size of the order per batch per production? If the size of each run command (order) significant meaning that we will store a lot of semi-finished materials, which do not want to do because we want to reduce inventory in general 3- Reduced Work in Process An inventory of the materials or parts that have passed the initial stage of production and did not pass to the latter. Reduce inventory this is essential in the philosophy of the policy of reducing losses because of its impact on the coverage of production problems and because it is a money investor. 4- Policy pull Production it means that production on the basis of need for the next stage of production and not on the basis of a specific production plan. The first production engineering stage not only produces and need permission from the production stage next and so on until the end of the production line. There is stacked production between stages. This is also known as Kanban card or card. 5- Quality Control Circles It is a work teams of operators and technicians are studying and solving quality problems and operation and maintenance. These rings are necessary to study the problems and uprooted from their roots and to involve all levels of work in solving problems. Quality control loops is a continuous development of methods Continuous Improvement, which is one of the basics of the Toyota system. 6- Total Productive Maintenance They maintenance system leads to increased availability of equipment and reduce breakdowns. This system is necessary to be able to reduce inventory of semi-finished materials and the implementation of the policy to withdraw production. Must be reduced dramatically sudden failure to implement these policies. 7- Group Technology It is a method designed to manufacture similar products in one place to reduce the transport time and wait in what is known as the cell manufacturing Cells. This method helps to reduce transfer times material from one place to another and make each group of operators responsible for different stages of the production for the same product that they have a kind of full responsibility for the product. 8- Multi Task Employees Meaning that the worker trained to do several tasks instead of one task. This method gives the flexibility to change the functions of working when needed. Note that this system is designed to reach the speed of response to customer requirements and thus there must be flexibility in employment as well so that you can change the functions of Group according to the requirements of the market. This method has a lot to do with technology group, where can one player that is running several machines. 9- Production leveling: Toyota system is designed to reduce the variables and produce small amounts of each product every day, so there is no need to produce large quantities of a product in one day. Reduce the change helps us not to maintain a large stock and makes the production process is running smoothly and regularity without significant changes. 10- Just In Time Purchasing it means of access to raw materials and production supplies when you need them quickly. This procurement policy is needed to reduce inventory and production development and reduce defects in products. To reach that there is a lot of things are applied, such as reducing the number of suppliers and to cooperate with them and compel them specific things in the style of their work. 11- Maintain a work environment 5S: It means arrange and organize and clean workplace and work tools so that you have access to the tools and information is accessible, fast and the site is a good place to work and safe at the same time. This method is called 5S relative to the Japanese words that mean organize and arrange and clean workplace. 12- Total Quality Control: There is a correlation between policies to reduce waste and total quality management both supports the other. To reach to pull production policy has to be to reach high levels of quality. Therefore, Toyota and Japanese companies have applied TQM or total quality control of the most important has been applied is the technical checks parts produced by himself in the sense that the product is scanned during each stage production by the operators themselves. It is the powers of the workers off the production line in the event of a quality problem. 2.6.1 The Benefits of reducing the waste Improved performance indicators such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce losses to a great extent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high product quality (in terms of compliance with specifications) any low percentage of defective products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduced time progress (which is the time to meet manufacturing orders) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high inventory turnover rate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ very high flexibility to change production from one product to another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lower the sudden failure of equipment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ low additional cost Overhead cost à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase production capacity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high accuracy to meet the supply orders on time for supply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the speed of response to changing market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improvement of financial indicators in the long term, including the profitability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improved morale of workers 2.7Quality in Lean Manufacturing 2.7.1. Reducing the Defect-Detection Time Gap The most important improvement that is made by a move from final inspections to successive checks to self checks is in the reduction of the time gap between creation of a defect and its detection. Figure 1 show how this time gap shrinks as one progresses towards self inspection Grinder Drill Lathe Mill Figure 1: the time lag includes all operations that happen In Figure 1, the time lag includes all operations that happen to the part after the defect Has been made and before the defect will be detected (more defective parts can be made During this time if the defect is due to a broken machine tool, improper machining method, Or other problems that do not create simply one isolated defect). Lathe Mill Figure 2: the time gap shrinks In Figure 2 the time gap shrinks to the length of time before the operator of the next Machine handles the part. In a job shop, this may be a significant quantity of time and if Parts are produced in batches; often the entire batch may have the same defect. However, In cellular manufacturing this time lag is small, since the queue is only one unit. Lathe Mill Figure 3: the time lag has shrunk down In Figure 3 the time lag has shrunk down to the amount of time that the operator spends On the given operation before he or she checks the part. Self-inspection produces visibility of the problem after the first defective part is made (if it is detectable). Catching defective parts prevents adding more value to parts that will be scrapped or reworked later. Clearly this reduction in time lag can lead to: quicker and easier detection of what the problem is that is causing the defect, reduction in wasted time in the form of value added to scrapped parts, and wasted time spent assembling a part that will have to be disassembled and then reassembled. Overall, quicker elimination of defect causing problems will result in a reduction of the number and cost of bad quality parts. 2.8 Productivity in lean manufacturing 2.8.1 Introduction The lean manufacturing focus on 20 keys I will present only key number 6 method improvement (Productivity) Figure 4 Relationship Diagram20 Keys 2.8.2 Definition Productivity is about how well resources are used. The other area of general consensus is that productivity is about the relation between output and input in any process producing goods or services. Productivity can be calculated as output divided by input P = O/I Where P = Productivity , O = Output and I = Input Output can be measured in different way tones, Kilograms or even output defined as standard minutes or hours 2.8.3 The components of productivity Productivity basically has two components: Efficiency Utilizations Utilization is about whether the resources available are actually used in producing the product or service. That is a machine might be available but if no product is scheduled to be produced then it is not utilized , or if product is scheduled to be produced for only 85% of the available time then utilization is 85% Efficiency . On the other hand, is about how well the resources are used while it is being utilized. The formula for productivity is then: Productivity = Efficiency X Utilization This formula can be expanded: Productivity = Output / Available hours, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were available Efficiency = Output / Hours worked, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were actually operating. Utilization = Hours worked / Hours available, that is for what percentage of time did we actually utilize the resources. 2.8.4 People. Plant- and process related issues impacting on productivity It is important to understand what issues typically impact on productivity as you can then look for the causes to why productivity is not at the level it should be. If productivity is not at the target level it can be explained in terms of the two components of efficiency and utilization that it can be either an efficiency loss or none utilizes time. This can be because of people, plant or process related issues. The following summary show typical examples of issues impaction on productivity. Efficiency loss: People Work method Work rate Effort ( motivation issues ) Skills Quality of work Plant / Process Speed ,idling ,minor stoppages Quality of product Non Utilized time People Plant / process Market demand Work rate Downtime Changeovers Table 2 issues impaction on productivity 2.8.5 Productivity Improvement an Integrated Approach Productivity improvement cannot be achieved by only implementing Kaizen operation. Figure 5 Productivity Improvement: An Integrated Approach Productivity increase and excellent quality can be achieved at the same time. 2.8.6 Implementing key 6 Implementing kaizen of operation requires the effective use of the CAPDo cycle. The CAPDo cycle is a simple management system for continuous improvement. One a plane for implementation has been drawn up, the actual training needs must be scheduled it is important to check regularly whether training targets have been met, and if not, the reason for this must be analyzed. Problem identified can then become actions for the next CAPDo cycle. Figure 6 CAPDo Cycle Check Company and every department against the map. Benchmark the company using key 6 map Check current productivity performance Analyze Identify process for improvement. The benchmark score. Productivity performance to identify priority processes to focus on. Plan Use the five steps methodology for process improvement. Put goals for all process Use the five steps methodology for process improvement. Plan the improvement using 20 keys plan. Do Implementing the plan Regular feedback from goals on progress Implement the plan for achieving the target. Check Restart the cycle through Reviewing the results of the plan on monthly basis Reviewing key progress with the map at least every six months Update skills matrix Continue Cycle of CAPDo improvement and celebrate success. 2.9 Actual Cases 2.9.1 Meal production in Glostrup Hospitals main kitchen, Denmark. The main hypothesis of this paper is that where any implement LM it is more likely to make positive on food production so I present lean principles can applied in meal production to increase the efficiency without reducing the quality of meal prepared. All lean principles and tools may not be equally applicable in food production, but it is important to consider this aspect when discussing the implementation of lean in meal production. Glostrup Hospital is situated in the greater Copenhagen area in Denmark. The central Kitchen is situated inside the Hospital grounds in a separate building, and every day, meals for approximately 1000 patients are produced and distributed from the kitchen. In 2005, the hospitals management took the decision that all services should be Lean, and to cut the costs of meal production, the kitchen was forced to replace cook-serve with cook-chill production and reduce the number of foodservice employees from 71 to 54. This brought about a need to review and optimize the production procedures to maintain both output quantity and quality. The change of production system to cook-chill also had an impact on the end-product quality as recipes and production procedures needed adjustments. Therefore, the systematic evaluation and improvement of product quality was given a high priority in the kitchen. The internal working environment in the kitchen was important to the manager as she insisted on maintaining this as a high priority during and after the rationalization process, and that increased efficiency of production processes was obtained by the optimization of procedures and not by making the staff work faster. Because of these reservations, the implementation of Lean was expected to result in both increased efficiency of processes and improved product quality while ensuring a pleasant working environment for the remaining employees. The implementation of Lean in the kitchen began shortly after the change to cook-chill processing and befo re procedures became routine. The kitchen produces most components of the meals themselves including breads, soups and processed vegetables. Previously with cook-serve production, there were separate production lines for hot meal components, vegetables, baked products, desserts and cold products for these meals, all items were prepared, processed and kept warm until service. Initially, when changing to cook-chill production, the separation of production according to meal was maintained with processed meal components being assembled into meals, packed and stored for up to 3 days before final distribution to hospital wards. The packaging was standardised in two, five or seven portions per pack, and the wards received the portion sizes equal to or the closest number above their actual orders. This practice of standardizing packaging was accepted by the management as a pragmatic practice of cook-chill production. The implementation of cook-chill production procedures called for a system atic evaluation of product quality. A graph on display in the production facility showing the daily number of comments on food quality was chosen as an expression of customer satisfaction with product quality. The number of complaints for each meal component, based on feedback received from wards and patients, was totaled and each day marked on the chart. This procedure was chosen as a way to ensure communication of customer product satisfaction to all employees. An internal quality control system was developed to reflect the need for adjusting recipes to improve meal quality after the change from cook serve to cook-chill production. It consisted of a three-color gradation of product acceptability where red refers to not acceptable; yellow, acceptable; and green, good. The testing of product quality was performed internally in the kitchen, and the products had to obtain a yellow to pass. This system was developed to visualize the progress of adjusting existing procedures to cook-chi ll production. As a result of the implementation the hospital realized some quick financial wins. Revenue increased 19%, eliminate wastes meals from 10% to 5% (England al.2009). 2.9.2 Implementing 20 keys in modern bakeries company (Rich Bake), Egypt. In 2008 modern bakeries company management took the decision that some production process should be lean. The company decided implement 10 keys from 20 keys Key1 cleaning organizing to make work easy. Key 2 Rationalizing the system / goal Alignment. Key 3 Small Group Activities. Key 5 Quick Changeover Technology. Key 6 Kaizen of operation. Key 9 Maintaining Machines Equipment. Key 10 Workplace Discipline. Key 11 Quality Assurance. Key 15 Skill Versatility and cross Training. Key 19 Conserving Energy and Materials. Table 3 present the 20key, s evaluation before and after implementing lean on modern bakeries company through 2 years. Key Base Line Level 2008 2010 1 1.8 2 2 1.5 2 3 0.8 1.2 5 1.5 1.8 6 1.5 1.8 9 1 1.3 10 1.5 2.3 11 2 2.5 15 1.5 1.7 19 1.5 1.5 Table 3: 20 keys evaluation Eliminate wastes from 3% to 1.8%. Increase productivity from 16KG Man / Hour to 18.5 Kg Man /Hour. 2.12 The enormous obstacles for food production in terms of adopting LM approaches to improvement. There is some problems face the food production companies to implementing lean manufacturing, generally as follows. Lack of a clear vision of the future Lack of patience and follow. Lack of persistent and challenge in leadership. Failure to link the processes in key 6 kaizen operation with normal work. Failure to perceive that lean is a viable strategy to help achieve competitive advantage. Lack of constant visibility by management. Failure of management to take a whole systems view of business and to see the connections between all processes. Persistent focus only on demanding results without a balance focus improving the processes that achieve the results. III- Research Methodology 3.1 Research Objectives The main aim of the study is to present the main idea of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field of food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that implemented the Lean manufacturing. 3.2 Conceptual Framework Figure 7: LM Conceptual Framework 3.3 Research Question and Hypotheses 3.3.1 Research Questions Why and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production? 3.3.2 Research Hypotheses When organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more likely to make positive on food production? 3.3.3 Independent Cost reduction, waste rate, revenue gains 3.3.4 Dependent Return on investment, profit in organization. IV Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion Through the study found that there is a potential for the application of lean manufacturing system in food production and that explained by viewing experience hospital central kitchen in Denmark and experience modern bakeries company in Egypt, where the application of lean manufacturing system to gain increased efficiency ,quality, and productivity through the application of tools for lean manufacturing . . Easy to implementing lean manufacturing in big company that have systems for examples ISO9001, 2200, HACCP Easy to implementing lean manufacturing in small company but focus only 3 or 4 principles in the first stage . 4.2 Recommen

Report on an interview

On October 16th, I spoke with hypermarkets customer concerning the products and services that they are offering. The interviewee was 28 year old man, who is single and he is living with his parents and sister . Annual income of his family is approximately 80. 000 KM which is above average annual income per household in Sarajevo. His generally view on hypermarkets is positive and he thinks they are great because they offer a large selection of different products in one place. He regularly visits specific Hypermarket and he has chosen Mercator solely for the diversity of it’s products and brands, and the availability of everything necessary in one place. When it comes to choosing products to purchase, quality plays a critical role and price of the particular product is less relevant. When I asked him about Mercator’s line of products for personal hygiene, the responses could conclude that he does not like them because they are cheap and available to everyone, which he considers to mean lower quality. He likes to buy products with tested quality and brand name means a lot to him when deciding on purchasing a particular product. Based on the above I conclude that his motives for purchases are emotional, such as pride, attraction and status. Purchasing products of famous brands, he acknowledges his social status, for which he paid a higher price and he is sure that he receives and the higher quality. When it comes to product brand, which he prefers, rarely gives up the quest, and hardly find a particular product substitutes which represents the characteristics of loyal consumers. People who buy cheaper products, such as Mercator’s line of products for personal hygiene â€Å"potpuna njega†, he perceives as a lower class with lower income to whom quality is not at the first place, who primarily watch price of the specific product. Based on information gathered in-depth interview I can say that the influence of family, culture, and social status, at the attitude of respondents toward a particular product is very pronounced and depends primarily on financial and leisure habits. It should be noted that past experience is very important for him, and that future decisions about the purchase depends on his personal past experience. Listen Read phonetically He uses the Internet as a source of information about different products, but he does not visit a Web sites of domestic hypermarkets, because he thinks that they are not regularly updated and can not find new information by visitng them. And he's also never read the advertising post and promotional flyers. Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically

Riba’ and Gharar

Prohibition of Riba’ Generally Riba’ means that prohibition on any interest. In Islamic Finance system, investors and lenders are strictly disallowed to charge or receive interest. In the Shari’ah, â€Å"riba† technically refers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the principal amount as a condition for the loan or for an extension in its maturity. According to Chapra (2006), term of riba is used in the Shari‘ah in two senses. The first is riba al-nasi’ah and the second is riba al-fadl..The term nasi’ah comes from the root nasa’a which means to postpone, defer, or wait, and refers to the time that is allowed to the borrower to repay the loan in return for the ‘addition’ or the ‘premium’. Hence riba al-nasi’ah is equivalent to the interest charged on loans While, prohibition of riba al-nasi’ah implies that the fixing in advance of a positive rate of retu rn on a loan as a reward for waiting and no difference whether the rate of return is small or big, or a fixed or variable per cent of the principal.It is important to note that, according to the Shari‘ah, the waiting involved in the repayment of a loan does not by itself justify a positive reward. Gharar is known as unacceptable risk taking which is another fundamental principle of Islamic finance central to the structuring transactions. It also can be considered some level of risk remains a fundamental aspect of commercial life and risk allocation a necessary component of Islamic finance; only disproportionate risk, speculative trading and transactions meeting exceeding limitations.According to Tabari (2011) gharar may rise from unacceptable levels of settlement risk, inadequate or inaccurate information and complex contracts where multiple transactions are not identifiable with multiple independent contracts. Besides, according to Iqbal (1999) Gharar in a contract arises whe re there is a lack of knowledge or there is a reasonable doubt about the control of either party to the contract over the completion of the exchange. The best example of gharar is gambling which have kind of unacceptable risk and gambling is disallowed in Islam.As a consequence, the major terms and conditions, such as the price, subject matter or time of delivery, must be determined when concluding the corresponding agreement. The main reason riba is prohibited because it prevents people from undertaking real economic activities. For example when a person having money is allowed to earn more money on the basis of interest, either in spot or deferred transactions, it becomes easy for him to earn without bothering himself to take pains in real economic activities.This leads to hampering the real interests of humanity, because the interests of humanity cannot be safeguarded without real trade skills, industry and construction. It support by Siddiqi (2004), Riba corrupts society and ult imate effect is negative growth. It must be a reason why Islam prohibits gharar, according to Gurulkan (2010), in a general context, the unanimous view of the jurists held that, in any transaction, by failing or neglecting to define any of the essential pillars of contract relating to the consideration or measure of the object, the parties undertake a risk which is not indispensable for them.This kind of risk was deemed unacceptable and tantamount to speculation because of its inherent uncertainty. Speculative transactions with these characteristics are therefore prohibited. In conclusion, riba’ and gharar will cause negative in social economics and that is a main reason, Islam prohibit these elements in business transaction. Even though, the debate still continue but prohibit it will save economics.

How to Identify the American Beech

How to Identify the American Beech A beech commonly refers to trees of the genus Fagus  that are named for a god of the beech trees recorded in Celtic mythology, especially in Gaul and the Pyrenees. Fagus is a member of the larger family named  Fagaceae which also includes the Castanea chestnuts, the Chrysolepis chinkapins and the numerous and grand Quercus oaks. There are  ten  separate beech species native to temperate Europe and North America. The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is the only species of beech tree native to North America but one of the most common. Before the glacial period, beech trees flourished over most of North America. The American beech is now confined to the eastern United States. The slow-growing beech tree is a common, deciduous tree that reaches its greatest size the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. North Americas native beech is found in the east within an area from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and  Maine. The range stretches through southern Quebec, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and has a western northern limit in eastern Wisconsin. The range then turns south through southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas and turns east to northern Florida and northeast to southeastern South Carolina. Interestingly, a variety exists in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. Identification of American Beech American beech is a strikingly handsome tree with tight, smooth and skin-like light gray bark.  You often see Beech trees in parks, on campuses, in cemeteries and larger landscapes, usually as an isolated specimen. Beech tree bark has suffered the carvers knife through the ages –  from Virgil to Daniel Boone, men have marked territory and carved the trees bark with their initials. Ed Reschke / Getty Images The leaves of beech trees are alternate with entire or sparsely toothed leaf margins with straight parallel veins and on short stalks. The flowers are small and single-sexed (monoecious) and the female flowers are borne in pairs. The male flowers are borne on globose heads hanging from a slender stalk, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. Leaves and fruit from American Beech tree. Matthew Ward / Getty Images The beechnut fruit is a small, sharply three-angled nut, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks known as cupules. The nuts are edible, though bitter with a high tannin content, and are called beech mast which is edible and a favorite wildlife food. The slender buds on twigs are long and scaly and a good identification marker. Dormant Identification of American Beech Often confused with birch, hophornbeam and ironwood, American beech  has long narrow scaled buds (vs. short scaled buds on birch). The bark has gray, smooth bark and has no catkins. There are often root suckers that surround old trees and these older trees have Human-like looking roots. American beech is most often found on moist slopes, in ravines, and atop moist hammocks. The tree loves loamy soils but will also thrive in clay. It will grow on elevations up to 3,300 feet and will often be in groves in a mature forest. Best Tips Used to Identify American Beech The bark is uniquely gray and very smoothThe leaves are dark green with ovate to elliptic  with a pointed tipThe side leaf veins off the midrib are always parallel to each otherEach of these side veins will  have a distinctive point Other Common North American Hardwood Trees ash:  Genus  Fraxinus  basswood:  Genus Tilia  birch:  Genus  Betula  black cherry:  Genus  Prunus  black walnut/butternut:  Genus  Juglans  cottonwood:  Genus  Populus  elm: Genus  Ulmus  hackberry:  Genus  Celtis  hickory:  Genus  Carya  holly:  Genus  IIex  locust: Genus  Robinia  and  Gleditsia  magnolia:  Genus  Magnolia  maple:  Genus  Acer  oak:  Genus  Quercus  poplar:  Genus  Populus  red alder:  Genus  Alnus  royal paulownia:  Genus  Paulownia  sassafras:  Genus  Sassafras  sweetgum:  Genus  Liquidambar  sycamore:  Genus  Platanus  tupelo: Genus  Nyssa  willow:Genus  Salix  yellow-poplar:  Genus  Liriodendron

Essay Sample on Significance of Technology to Business Strategy

Essay Sample on Significance of Technology to Business Strategy Pharmaceutical companies are considered as one among many stakeholders within the health care system that is contributing effectively to patients’ health care around the world and as well as these companies contributing to each country’s economy. From early times, each tribe depended on their ‘Medicine Man’ who was responsible in treating individuals within their community, applying witchcraft and some herbal medicine. With the advancing years and the appearance of empires and expansionism, physicians were able to collect herbs from the four corners of their empires, but the pharmaceutical manufacturing remained to be confined within individuals. However, after World War Two, and after the discovery of Penicillin companies started to pay attention to the importance of pharmaceutical industry and its ability to contribute to the national health care and economy. Thus, from the second half of the twentieth century, the pharmaceutical industry and the research revolving around it had advanced rapidly more than the last two thousand years. Nowadays, the pharmaceutical companies are investing millions of dollars into research in order to find cures and/or palliative treatments for patients suffering from severe and chronic diseases such as HIV, cancer in various forms, heart disease, diabetes, severe hyperlipidemia etc. Among the most recent research that pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on is the development of a high-tech medical device used for patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus Type I. The research is still in its early stage where this device could be implemented under or attached to the skin, which is in the form of a pump, and could release insulin immediately in response to a decrease in the blood glucose level in the extracellular area to prevent hyperglycemic attacks. The research is concentrating on two phases: the molecular level of insulin, receptors, and signals, and how the pump could respond to the signals in order to release insulin from the pump and sent at a certain level, already the pump could measure the required dose, to the extracellular region. The other high-tech medical equipments that pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on in their research are those that are needed to treat autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematous disease, Scleroderma, mixed connective tissue diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, etc. As for these high-tech medical equipments their role in treatment, prevention or elimination of antigens are still in their primary stage and require extensive trials for many years in order to provide us with excellent data concerning their ability in eliminating the antigens, and preventing the development of antigens as a result of these diseases. However, they are still considered important high-tech medical equipments that could contribute tremendously in decreasing morbidities and mortalities, in general, among White Caucasian race as well as other nations suffers. At the same time, the financial returns for the pharmaceutical will be tremendous when these high-tech equipments are successful in being utilized by disease sufferers. As for the unit price for an insulin pump it should be affordable to all patients’ sufferers around the world irrespective of the GDP of each nation. While for the autoimmune equipments their purchase is dependable on health institutions rather than individuals; thus, their unit price could be unified to all countries as a one standard price. The financial budget that should be allocated for marketing their strategy, for these equipments, requires less promotion because the insulin pump could market itself by itself as the news of its success comes out to the public by being promoted by hospitals, medical centers, and community centers; the autoimmune medical equipments will be promoted by the health institutions by referring patients from the outpatient department to the medical centers those involved in operating these kinds of equipments. If and when these two researches succeed millions of people around the world will benefit from these methods of treatments by reducing morbidities and mortalities among disease sufferers. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical companies who are investing in these kinds of researches will generate millions or billions of dollars in revenues for the coming 50-100 years.   By using these technologies it will be a great benefit for mankind and a huge profit return for the pharmaceutical companies in maintaining their leading role within this industry. Since the world’s major important pharmaceutical companies exists in the western world and part of South East Asia and Far East Asia; thus, these countries will maintain in dominating and monopolizing the world’s manufactured medical technologies. This is a sample Business essay written by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, dissertation/thesis, feel free to contact our company now.

Encountering The Old Testament Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Encountering The Old Testament - Term Paper Example The response of God to the injustice of humans is justice, implying that humans would always get whatever they wanted. It is evidenced that the evil are punished by God and the righteous are blessed by God. The redemption and mercy, which is developed in the stories of the Bible appear to be a contrast of the standard retribution. In different books, redemption is seen in two categories. In other situations, one individual forgives another through ignoring the offence of the other or by just forgetting the offence. Jacob goes back to his homeland immediately after cheating his own brother. In this case, we expect vengeance and hatred from Esau. However, Jacob is welcomed by Esau with an embrace, changing the expectations of Jacob despite the fact that Jacob had changed Esau’s fate. Apart from this, King David is seen to treat all his enemies with mercy and kindness, an act that appears as short-sighted in terms of dismissal of justice that is traditional. Another type of redem ption is used in the third party intervention as a sacrifice mediator to reduce the anger of God with wrongdoers. The frantic prayer of Moses in Mount Sinai made God to alter his mind and shift from having the Israelites destroyed.  In this case, the promise of God is a mirror of the acts of humans in the law of religion to forgive the sins of humans according to the offerings and sacrifices. The covenant of God with the humans includes all His promises to provide Abraham together with his descendants the religious laws and the Promised Land that is provided to the Israelites. On the other hand, the covenant takes after the ancient treaties and legal codes whereby a landowner identifies the vassal condition so as to protect the return on vassal. The covenant in the Bible does not represent a mere agreement but a relationship that is passionate

Minnesota Curriculum Integration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minnesota Curriculum Integration - Assignment Example The faculty and the advisers are keen in the undergraduate curriculum since they work under the set and existing structures (Thurlow, 50). One of the structures that are emphasized a lot is the academic planning for the student in addition to the issues that face the student when studying. The executive leadership plays a major role in teaching the faculty and advisers on how they can study abroad and still emphasize student to partner with them abroad. Since the institution is interested in long-term impacts through the transformation in the undergraduate curriculum, they work for it through structures that are followed by the advisers, faculty and the learners (Nussbaumer, 40). They still work to ensure that they can get the behaviors concerning the student studying abroad and how the institution will be depicted internationally. The executives of the institution are administrators, vice chancellors, vice provost, vice president, the directors and core curriculum team. They work together to make sure that the goals set are achieved within the stipulated time (Mitton, 45). For the purpose of curriculum integration, the institution follows the principles set in along with discipline that is equipped to the learners. The set structures which exist are part and parcel of the institution model where they are followed to make sure that the student will benefit and study abroad without fear. One of the goals of Minnesota curriculum integration is to make changes in the institution, making sure that innovation is achieved where they are going to partner with others. Additionally, the goal of curriculum integration is to make sure that faculty or the advisers that are in abroad create well-educated learners and global citizens that will contribute positively in the national development (Hallinger, 32). Another goal is to make sure more increased scholarship abroad is achieved.