Compare and contrast Drucker and Whyte's analysis of corporate Essay

Compare and contrast Drucker and Whyte's analysis of corporate bureaucracy - Essay Example In this case, the organizations had to make some changes, for instance, there was an introduction of cheaper cars, fast foods and smaller housing units, which were meant for the nuclear family (Whyte, 1956). This also led to a situation where managers became risk averse (Whyte, 1956). This was evident from the decisions that they took in the companies. The managers believed that if they made less risky decisions, the decisions would have no consequence on the firms, even if they had the potential of giving the best outcomes to the company. The aim was to maintain things as they were instead of changing the corporate world because, if something went wrong, they were the ones who would take the blame, and in doing this, they would maintain their jobs for a long time. This was the main reason for the bureaucracy in the companies. Whyte focused his research on many companies in finding the results indicated above. Conversely, Drucker focused on one company in doing his investigations. Drucker had worked for General Motors for several years, and he focused on this company for his research (Drucker, 1946). He specifically reviewed what happened inside the company and how this affected the performance of the company. He also studied the management of the company and the decisions that they made in order to access what caused the success or failure of the company (Drucker, 1946). Therefore, Drucker was interested the power structure, managerial decisions and its autonomy, and how other people in and out of the company reacted to these factors (Drucker, 1946). According to Drucker, the bureaucracy in companies started from inside the organizations where management aimed to maintain control of the organizations through centralizing power (Drucker, 1946). The management could dictate everything that was to be done a nd their orders were to be followed

Early Years Foundation Stage for Childminding Essay Example for Free

Early Years Foundation Stage for Childminding Essay The EYFS is set to ensure all children in early year’s settings including children with disabilities and special needs have the best possible start in life which they deserve. A child needs to not only have a safe, secure and happy childhood but also one which is rich in positive parenting and high quality learning. These will provide the foundations and tools a child needs to reach their full potential. The EYFS must be followed by all early years’ providers to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. The EYFS is set to help prepare children for school, physically and emotionally and set a foundation for a positive progress through school and life. Children develop at a raid rate between birth-5 years and experiences between this time have a dramatic impact on their future. Key Points of the Early Years Foundation stage †¢ Good quality and consistent care within all early years’ settings to ensure every single child makes good progress. †¢ A secure foundation through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of each individual child and are assessed and reviewed regularly †¢ Partnership working between practitioners and with parents and/or carers †¢ Equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that every child is included and supported. EYFS requirements for learning and development †¢ All Early year providers must help children work towards the early learning goals, the knowledge, skills and understanding a child should have by the end of the academic year in which they turn five. †¢ Shape activities and experiences within the setting to enable every child to have the best chance of reaching these learning goals. †¢ Set in place assessment arrangements and requirements for measuring progress and for reporting to parents and/or carers. EYFS requirements for safeguarding and welfare Early years providers must set in place requirements to ensure a child’s safety and promote their welfare taking into account the following points. †¢ Every child is different and unique and children who are constantly learning will become more confident, independent, and grow in self-esteem. †¢ Positive relationships enable children to be strong and independent †¢ A nourishing environment which responds to a child’s individual needs will enable them to learn and develop well. This will also be the case through a good strong partnership between parent/care and care giver. †¢ Children learn and develop in different ways and at different speeds.

Cloud Computing Essay -- Information Technology, Data, Security

INTRODUCTION Cloud computing has boost a large amount of interest in the IT industry. The market research and analysis firm IDC suggests that the market for cloud computing services was $16bn in 2008 and will rise to $42bn/year by 2012 (Chhabra, Verma & Taneja, 2010) .The era of cloud computing introduces a new dimension for Enterprises. The academia and research worlds have developed a keen interest into challenges and issues introduced by this relatively new concept (Sriram & Khajeh-Hosseini, 2009). As experienced by large or small companies while adopting cloud computing technology, the issues can be outlined as security, privacy, data migration as (Hosseini, et al., 2010 ). Adoption of cloud technology by enterprises especially those are using KBE (knowledge based engineering) systems are in risk in terms of migration their data over the cloud. Most enterprises are in a midst of creating, sharing, streaming and storing data in digital formats to allow collaboration , hence there is a need to continuously managed and protect the data to ensure its value and authenticity (Yale & Chow, 2011). Enterprises now acquire increasingly more information about their products, customers and partners- whether it’s stored in a cloud environment or not and failure to protect this data can be damaging. Partners and clients anticipate their information will be constantly protected before conducting business with a company. Within lay the need for complete data governance to manage and protect crucial data, which has become a key issue for the cloud (Yale, 2011). The literature review aims to address the adoption of cloud computing within enterprises those are using KBE systems and how this adoption of cloud will affect their data governan... ... this process, and it can take several months between the decision to procure hardware and the hardware being delivered, setup and ready to use. The use of cloud computing can greatly reduce this time period, but the more significant change relates to the empowerment of users and the diffusion of the IT department’s authority as pointed out by Yanosky [20]. For example, a company’s training coordinator who requires a few servers to run a week-long web-based training course can bypass their IT department and run the training course in the cloud. They could pay their cloud usage-bill using their personal credit card and charge back the amount as expenses to their employee. A similar scenario was recently reported by BP, where a group bypassed the company’s procurement, IT department and security processes by using AWS to host a new customer facing website [10].

Negotiating Ethics

Some people believe that it is essential to behave ethically when negotiating; I am apart of this belief. I believe that negotiating ethically will make things easier. It will make the process a win – win for both parties. If both parties are being ethical and honest when negotiating the buyer will be satisfied and the seller will as well. The truth of the matter is no one really expects their opponent to be honest .That being said, no one really goes in a negotiating situating expecting to be ethical. Everyone goes in to this situation with guards up and tactics ready. Although I believe that ethics should be essential when negotiating, I also go in expectant of the opposite. I would love to negotiate with ethics and be honest and fair, but the majority of people are not willing to take this approach so I do not either in most cases.It is hard to be ethical and honest when it comes to negotiating. Not everyone shares the same opinion and views about this issue. Some people fe el as though there is no such thing as ethics in negotiating. These type of people go by the motto â€Å"let the best man win†. With the knowledge that not everyone feels the same, no one really negotiates ethically. The person who decides to be ethical will lose against the person who is not being ethical. If they negotiated against each other, the non ethical person will be sly and slick and do whatever possible to persuade a win. The ethical person will try negotiating with honesty and integrity but if he does not get on the same level as the other party, he will come out unsatisfied. When negotiating, it is important for both parties to be on the same page. Before you go into a situation of bargaining it would be smart to know who you are negotiating against. Knowing the tactics and style of your opponent will give you a leg up. Investigating the style of negotiating your opponent exudes will let you know what tactics to use. If your opponent is interested in ethical negotiating, you should be also. On the other hand, if your opponent is unethical then you should switch up your methods and play their game. Everybody wants to win and come out happy when negotiating. This is not impossible to achieve by any means. If everyone negotiated with ethics then it would be easy but as long as the negotiators are on the same page, a great conclusion should be met.I think that many things have changed with the times. I can imagine that back in the day things were a lot different. I can envision businessmen negotiating ethically. I can imagine businessmen negotiating a conclu sion that both parties would be happy with. I imagine those shaking hands and making a great deal and win – win situation. The times of using ethics and honesty are far and few between so to speak. With new tactics and new expressions, people are in it to win it. In these times, instead of looking out for your neighbor, you look out for yourself. With that being said, when negotiating now days, it is definitely a game of winner takes all, or may the best man win. Even though I believe that negotiating with ethics is the best way to go, there may be some situations that warrant the opposite of my beliefs. There is always an exception to the rule. Aside from being on the same page of your opponent, there may be situations that call for an aggressive manner in negotiating. If a professional is negotiating a law or against a law or the state, when a position of disparity or other unfair circumstances are prevalent, I think that negotiating ethically should be out the window. When it is a situation where there is an unfair position or an unfair advantage on an opposing side than the under dog should negotiate using no holds barred. The negotiating arty in this type of situation should go all in and try their hardest to win as much as possible. These type of extreme situations are the only ones I think that being ethical is not relevant. The fact of the matter is, different people have different views when it comes to negotiating. Some do believe in being ethical and they hold to that standard when practicing the art of negotiating. Others are on the opposite side of the scope, and they believe that the best negotiator should take it home. When negotiating, whether ethically or not, you should always play to your opponent’s standard. I think that in it self is being ethical. If your opponent is someone who is doing things honestly and ethically, then you should return the courtesy and do the same. On the other hand, if you are dealing with someone who is in it to win it, you should play their game and try to be in it to win it as well.

Gathering and Evaluating Sources

Associate Program Material Appendix E Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources |Source |What makes the source credible or what does not make it |Explain in at least two to four | | |credible? Consider the following when addressing the |sentences what information you can | | |source: |gather from this source? | | | | | |What is the author’s affiliation to any organization | | | |related to the subject of the article? Does he or she have| | | |an ulterior motive? | | | | | | |What is the author’s experience with the subject, | | | |including academic or professional credentials related to | | | |the subject of the source article? Does she or he have | | | |what it takes to understand the complexities of the | | | |subject? | | | | | | |Does this article report on information that the author | | | |experienced personally, or is it a summary or retelling of| | | |information from other sources? How close is the author to| | | the actual information? | | | | | | | |Is the information current? When was the information | | | |published or last updated? Might there be resources with | | | |more current information? | | | | | | |In general, does the information in the source article | | | |match the information found in other sources? Or is the | | | |information different or unique? Can this information be | | | |confirmed by more sources than just this one? | | | | | | | |Does the source make any claims without having evidence to| | | |support them? | |Source name |What makes this source credible is that the author |The information that I can gather | |Modernismo and Modernization. |questions some of the central assumptions of cultural |from this source is the past | |Authors: Mazzucchelli, Aldo; |studies and looks for the proof or evidence that supports |traditions and costumes. This source| |Novel: A Forun on Fiction |the facts. The author has an articulate approach to |will give me a more in depth look on | | |current discussion of elements of modernity-material, |how or in what aspects has the | | |technological and cultural objects, which the author |traditions changed and the | | |presents both sides of the subject. This source is not up|modernization of Spanish America. | |to date it was published in 2006, it is however the most | | | |recent article I could locate. | | |Source name |This is one of my favorite sources because it is not bias |This source has everything that I | |Everybody’s HERITAGE. |but it does contain opinions but they are backed with |want to include in my paper from the | |Authour: Dahlson,Conrad |evidence and facts. This source is not up to date but it |food to the religion to the arts and | |Source: Hispanic, sep2005, vol. 18|does have important information in it that has lead to the|music This source will give me | |Issue 9, |changes in Latino or Spanish culture. |information about the food, music, | | | |holidays and other aspects of the | | | |religious beliefs. | | | | | | | | |Source name |I find this online source to be credible by the amount of |This is one of my most recent sources| |http://ohioline. osu. edu/hyg-fact/5|research that has been done. I have researched the |that will include up to date facts | |000/5237. tml |references that this cites lists on the reference page and|and information on the Spanish | | |the facts have the right amount of evidence. The sources |culture. I will be able to find | | |that were used to create the page are form government |information about this cultures | | |websites and articles that have been published. family value, rituals and religious | | | |preferences, eating habits and | | | |celebrations and holidays. | | | | | | | | |Source name |The Americano is an online source that offers a top source|This source will give me the | |http://theamericano. com/2009/08/27|for Hispanic news and commentary. The article that I am |information of what aspects of the | |/hispanic-influence-in-the-united-|using was last updated in 2009. This source has a lot of |Spanish culture have influenced the | |states/ |statistics and has credible sources that have been |United States. This site also gives | | |researched. The website also offers up to date news from |information on architectural | | |all over the world. |influences as well as political | | | |influences. | | | | | | | | |Source name | | | | | | | | | | | |Source name | | | | | | | | | | |

Sir Robert Borden Biography

Sir Robert Borden Biography Prime Minister Robert Borden led Canada through World War I, eventually committing 500,000 troops to the war effort. Robert Borden formed a Union Government of Liberals and Conservatives to implement conscription, but the conscription issue split the country bitterly - with the English supporting sending troops to help Britain and the French adamantly opposed. Robert Borden also led in achieving Dominion status for Canada and was instrumental in the transition from the British Empire to the British Commonwealth of Nations. At the end of World War I, Canada ratified the Treaty of Versailles and joined the League of Nations as an independent nation. Prime Minister of Canada 1911-20 Highlights as Prime Minister Emergency War Measures Act of 1914 Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917 and the temporary Income Tax, the first direct taxation by the Canadian federal government Veterans benefits Nationalization of bankrupt railways Introduction of a professional public service Birth June 26, 1854, in Grand Prà ©, Nova Scotia Death June 10, 1937, in Ottawa, Ontario Professional Career Teacher 1868-74Lawyer in Halifax, Nova ScotiaChancellor, Queens University 1924-30President, Crown Life Insurance 1928President, Barclays Bank Canada 1929President, Canadian Historical Association 1930 Political Affiliation ConservativeUnionist 1917-20 Ridings (Electoral Districts) Halifax 1896-1904, 1908-17Carleton 1905-08Kings County 1917-20 Political Career Robert Borden was first elected to the House of Commons in 1896.He was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 1901 and was Leader of the Opposition from 1901 to 1911.Robert Borden led the Conservatives to victory in the 1911 general election on a platform against reciprocity or free trade with the United States, defeating Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals.Robert Borden was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada in 1911.He also served as President of the Privy Council from 1911 to 1917, and as Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1912 to 1920.In order to implement conscription, Robert Borden formed a coalition Union government with many Liberals. The Union government won the 1917 election but had only three Quebec members.Robert Borden retired as Prime Minister of Canada in 1920. Arthur Meighen became the next Prime Minister of Canada.

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C#

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C# In computer programming, null is both a value and a pointer. Null is a built-in constant that has a value of zero. It is the same as the character 0 used to terminate strings in C. Null can also be the value of a pointer, which is the same as zero unless the CPU supports a special bit pattern for a null pointer. What Is a Null Value? In a database, zero is a value. The value null means that no value exists. When used as a value, null is not a memory location. Only pointers hold memory locations.  Without a null character, a string would not correctly terminate, which would cause problems. What Is a Null Pointer? The C and C programming, a pointer is a variable that holds a memory location. The null pointer is a pointer that intentionally points to nothing. If you dont have an address to assign to a pointer, you can use null. The null value avoids memory leaks and crashes in applications that contain pointers. An example of a null pointer in C is: #include int main() {   Ã‚  int  *ptr NULL;   Ã‚  printf(The value of ptr is %u,ptr);   Ã‚  return 0; } Note: In C, the null macro may have the type void* but this is not allowed in C. Null in C# In C#, null means no object. Information about null and its usages in C# include: You cannot use 0 instead of null in your programs even though null is represented by the value 0.You can use null with any reference type including arrays, strings, and custom types.In C#, null is not the same as the constant zero.

Writing a Book in Your Second Language

Writing a Book in Your Second Language Writing a Book when English is not your First Language by author Dom Cutrupi Dom Cutrupi is the author of The Abyss of Lumberwitch, the first volume of his Abyss series.  A storyteller by day, and a video editor by night, he chose to write a novel in English even though it was a foreign language for him. In an intimate conversation with the Reedsy team, Dom  reveals what it was like for him to write and publish his first book.Hi Dom, thanks for chatting with us. To start things off, why don't you tell us a little about yourself and the book you've written?Born and raised in Italy for most of my life, I ended up in Vancouver, Canada, because of the growing filming industry. I used to work for the Vatican City TV Channel (yes, they have a TV Channel!) in Rome, but as soon as the economy in Italy started to crumble after the financial crisis of 2008, I decided to move and took a shot in becoming a video editor, producer and writer in Canada's biggest west coast city. I'm quite confident to say that the tough immigration process I had to go through was the fi re starter to what would become The Abyss of Lumberwitch.It was July 5th, 2012. I was standing outside of my immigration lawyer's office. He had just told me that, after two years living and working in Canada, my stay in the country was not guaranteed. I could still work for the time being but I needed to wait for the final approval from Immigration that would decide my future in Canada. At the same time, my financial situation was touching rock bottom. The cherry on top of the cake was that my girlfriend had just left Vancouver and gone back to Rome, ending a four-year-long relationship.The next day, I had reached the lowest point of my depression, when my mother asked me a question that changed everything: â€Å"How long has it been since the last time you wrote something?† I'm always been a writer, since I was 12. I had written several movie scripts and four novels by then. I had also published a book in Italy when I was 22 and won a couple of awards with it. But nothing r eally lasted. Since I moved to Vancouver, my focus on becoming video editor, producer and screenwriter had swallowed up every drop of my energy. My mother's question really raised a valid point. I needed to escape a reality that I couldn't run away from. My passion in writing could help by bringing me far away to the land of imagination, where immigration lawyers, relationship break-ups and emaciated bank accounts were not allowed. "Writing helped me escape a reality I couldn't run away from." @domcutrupi So on July 7th, 2012 I started to put words on paper. I didn't have any idea of what I was going to write, but I needed to. As soon as my fingers started to type, the story formed before my eyes, as if it had been hidden inside me for a long time. And for three months, four hours a day, I was in Klondike, along with Jonathan and Melody, watching the darkness of Lumberwitch unfold.Four years later, I'm publishing The Abyss of Lumberwitch on July 7th, 2016, to celebrate the day the first words shaped on the blank page.This is one of the first instances at Reedsy of a book originally written in another language (Italian). Could you tell us what the process of getting the book translated was like? Do we get to see the Italian version?I wrote the novel in Italian because at that time I wasn't so confident writing in English, at least not to the extent of writing an entire book. But after the first draft was completed, two dear friends of mine read it and gave me the same feedback. They al l said that the novel was better for a North American audience rather than an Italian one. Since I was already living in Canada, I found that this suggestion matched perfectly with my intention to build a career as a writer in North America, rather than in Italy.So I searched for a translator who could keep my style intact through the translation, and I ended up using a pool of multiple professionals over three years. In the meantime, while working on the first and second draft of the English version, I fell in love with the language, so much so that one of my last translators suggested I go through the entire book and reformulate the language to make sure the translation reflected my style. And so I did. When I felt that the English version was finally ready, I had two beta readers (who also acted as proofreaders) give me suggestions. Their feedback was the final test for me to see if my story could work in a different language too. Their reviews of the novel was enthusiastic, so I knew the next step was to hire a professional editor to make my novel the best it could be, and that's how I found Reedsy.Regarding the Italian version, it will be published by the end of the year. I need now to polish and update the Italian language written four years ago.Were you worried about losing out on readers at home because you were marketing the book to an English-speaking audience?  When I think about my book, I think about it in English. The story, the characters, even certain dialogues reflect the English culture I knew from growing up, from movies to books, along with my travels across Canada and USA (and yes, Yukon and the Klondike area as well). Publishing in Italian is not part of a marketing strategy per se. I see it as an opportunity to use my first language to give more readers the possibility  to access my story, and maybe see something different in it, something that comes from a different culture, the culture I belong to the most. After Italian, my plan i s to translate the novel in Chinese, German and Japanese. I'm sure it will be another incredible adventure.What was the process of looking for an editor as a self-published author like?The process took one month. I had spent three and a half years in the translation. I didn't want to go for the first person popping up in my Google search. Also, due to the story, I needed someone located in North America, even better on the west coast. For one entire month, almost every day I found myself searching in blogs about editing, personal pages, lists of hidden and obscure documents in some remote domains that no one had touched for years. To be honest, it was really frustrating. At some point, I felt that my entire day would pass by just reading bios and portfolios of people I wasn't sure about.I don't know how that happened but it was during one of my search that I ended up on Reedsy. I didn't know anything about the website but it looked really professional and well-made. I liked the layo ut as well as the details in the search tab. I loved the fact that I could trust the website thanks to a policy that involved LinkedIn, personal websites and a rigid identity verification process that guaranteed me that I was dealing with real professionals and not amateurs or scam artists. Once I found Reedsy, the search for an editor became very enjoyable and exciting. Everything I needed was under one big umbrella. Once I found Reedsy, the search for an editor became very enjoyable and exciting. You worked with Angela Brown, an editor from the Reedsy marketplace. What was that like?I sent five requests to five editors that I thought could be a match with my novel. Four of them came back with a quote and the first three pages edited as a sample. Interestingly, Angela didn't send me a sample, but she was the first editor to reply after reading my sample. The long message she sent me touched on a few points of my work I really cared about. I had the impression that she wasn't just one of many editors who wrote nice things to get a gig, but someone who'd actually found a piece of writing she really wanted to work on. She sounded as if she connected to the story in a special way. Those words convinced me that she was the right person for The Abyss of Lumberwitch. In addition, Angela's extensive and very impressive portfolio spoke for itself, with more than 400 books edited under her belt, many of which are high-profile titles.Reading my novel after Angela put her hands on it was like reading the version of my story I'd always had in mind. Everything flowed so smoothly, yet the story was still intact, as was my style. I was particularly impressed by her detailed level of research, making sure that all the historical facts and elements in the story matched the setting. She often pointed out certain things that only a second eye like hers could catch. She went beyond simple editing, beyond grammar and syntax. She has the ability to look at the story and its style as a whole and make them function at their best. I don't know how she did it, but I know that we're soon going to set up a date for her to edit the sequel!What advice do you have to share for aspiring authors reading this blog?First, discipline. That's the main force behind the wheels of someone who wants to finish and publish a book. Without it, I'm confident enough to say that it's almost impossible to complete a novel (and I'm not the first writer to say it but one out of thousands). If you write o nce in a while, whether because you wait for inspiration or the right time, you likely won’t get there. Write every day, even for one hour.   Five hundred, one thousand, two thousand words a day (in Stephen King fashion), doesn't matter. Make sure that you're always creating content, whether it's good, Flaubert-perfect, or the worst thing ever written, just keep writing, especially when it comes to first drafts. You'll have plenty of time to make it as great as you want through a second and third draft and then through editing. But first you need to get to the last page of that damn book! "It's almost impossible to complete a novel without discipline." @domcutrupi Second, be honest with your story. I know, it sounds like one of those inspirational memes on Facebook, but it's actually a tough task to accomplish. I would explain that with the best example I have. I grew up watching an endless amount of movies. Stanley Kubrick, Quentin Tarantino, Martin Scorsese, Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman were all my favourites. In literature, Fedor Dostojevski, Stephen King, Philip K. Dick, and Gabriel Garcia Marquez were my mentors. When I was a kid, I used to write a lot in the style that resembled these people: maybe long scenes of dialogue full of swearing, comedy, or sci-fi scripts set in the next future. But when I let my mind release the real story I wanted to write, I ended up with The Abyss of Lumberwitch, an historical fantasy for all ages that has none of those features and doesn't seem to match with any styles of my favorite authors.This taught me that we tend to follow the artists we love, but most of the time we do nothing but follow them; we rec reate their style through the love we have for them and we forget about us, what we're really interested in, our obsessions, our passions, our deepest desires, which is what drove these artists to be unique in their own way. They were not copying, they were inspired by others, but created their own stories. Once you let yourself go and write what you really love on paper, you'll see a different story, the real one you want to tell, and you'll enjoy the process like you never have before.The Abyss of Lumberwitch is available on Amazon. Get your copy here.Did you relate to Dom's  journey  as an author? Have you considered writing a book in multiple languages? Share your thoughts in the comments section below.

Law of Evidence Burden of Proof Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Evidence Burden of Proof - Assignment Example The burden of persuasion also focuses on the party that introduces a fact and aims at convincing the judge or jury to favors the party on the facts while the burden of proof relates to the truth despite the party that introduces it. Another significant distinction is the duty of a party. Burden of proof must be proved beyond reasonable doubt and establishes a basis for decisions on criminal charges, unlike burden of persuasion. Further, burden of persuasion relates to a limited scope of a proceeding, as it is an element of burden of proof (Ingram 47). One of the bases for distinction between the roles of a judge and roles of a jury are on the actual activities that the two parties perform in a judicial process. The judge plays a technical role of determining admissibility evidence in a case and therefore influences bases for decisions in determination of cases. The jury however undertakes the role of listening to and evaluating admissible evidence and makes decisions on cases. The judge also determines evidence that can be used in a case while the jury establishes significance of admissible evidence and the extent to which a piece of evidence can be relied upon in determining a case. Another difference between roles of a judge and roles of a jury is based on the foundations of the roles. While legal provisions influence roles of a judge, roles of a jury are based on presented facts before it. The roles of a judge in a criminal trial are also limited to legal issues while those of a jury are limited to issues of facts (Emanuel and Friedman 1). A judge also has a wider jurisdiction and can perform the roles of a jury, if a party to a case wave the right to a jury trial while the jury’s role is limited and cannot cover the roles of a judge in a trial. Dependence of the jury on the judge for legal counsel informs the difference (Goldman and Sigismond 38). The burden of proof at a preliminary hearing is lower than the actual burden in a formal

Should American Football be banned from Highschool Research Paper

Should American Football be banned from Highschool - Research Paper Example The issue has been met with opposing opinions from those who support the sport and want such an activity to continue, while there are those that strongly oppose the same. In this section, I shall discuss why school administration boards across the country have been considering the prohibition of the sport on their grounds. Unsurprisingly, supporters of the stand that American football should be banned come from adults who are mostly parents of the students. American Football as a Discriminating Sport According to David (105), American football is a gender discriminating sport. The parties particularly interested in playing the sport and those who enjoy the same the most are the males. The sport has been described as a â€Å"masculine† activity and female students are not likely to benefit from the sport in the same way that their male counterparts can. It is also thought that female students are not likely to benefit from the sport. They are not likely to hone any beneficial s kills from playing the game, at least not physically. The Injuries Suffered by Football Players One of the obvious injuries that may be suffered by American footballers would be head injuries. The seriousness of the risk faced by these players has lead the District of Columbia to ban sports that result in concussions, or at the very least, expose the youth to such threats (between 2009 and 2011). While suffering concussions may not seem to be that serious to some, because head bumps can be helped with a pack of ice, the threat of head injuries can definitely lead to really serious health conditions that can affect a player for life. The trauma however, can manifest later on in the life of the injured player and can be the explanation of â€Å"neurodegenerative disease similar to Alzheimer’s† (Trotta and Ingles). Health conditions related to head injuries include dementia and Alzheimer’s itself. Problems such as fractures to the skull are also highly likely and t he presence of the skull itself and its ability to cushion the brain from injury is not enough. Serious brain damage is possible (Reed). There has also been research to suggest that the more concussions a player suffers, the more likely would depression kick in. Other injuries to be suffered by such football players include â€Å"cervical spinal cord injuries.† It has been known that in the United States, players from Louisiana suffer mainly from this kind of injury (Lawrence et al) Because of the alarming health risks that football may bring, fifteen states have issued laws banning such dangerous sports (Trotta and Ingles). It has been suggested that the best way to deal with preventing such serious injuries would be to invest in the sports equipment. Supporters of the sport should look into providing improved designs of head and mouth gear for the players, to ensure that the players’ gear could withstand injuries to be encountered on the field (Trotta and Ingles). An other solution to the problem would be to educate the players themselves on â€Å"safe tackling† methods in order to prevent injury and how these players can best use their head gear in the safest way possible. Unfortunately, according to a study by Lawrence et al., a significant number of players use the top of their helmets in tackling their opponents. This is one of the most dangerous tackling methods, and is actually illegal. However, an alarming majority of player participants in the

650 questions 1 and 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

650 questions 1 and 2 - Assignment Example So no, avoiding unethical or illegal behavior had better not be in conflict with the goal of the firm unless its executives wish to find themselves facing prosecution. Yet Lockheed found itself in hot water many years with the US Government for giving bribes to foreign officials, even though it was accepted practice in the host countries. The very nature of a corporation develops an agency relationship between the stockholders and management. An article in the Yale Law School Repository shows the problem develops when the upper management’s ideas of running the company begins to conflict with the wants of its real owners, the shareholders, whose main goal is making money. It specifically mentions such things as country club membership and private use of the corporate jet. Unless those perks are contracted and part of the executives’ bonuses, such personal joys would be illegal and a definite conflict of interest (Macey). East Coast Yachts has a very complicated cash flow. If it costs $435 million to have $617 million in sales of its boats, that would mean each quarter the company would need in excess of $100 million just to continue its manufacturing process. How they have been managing thus far and still continue to pay almost $18 million in dividends in 2008 is amazing. All it would take is one market dip for the company to be headed for financial trouble. However it is true that the average luxury sea craft buyer has little concern for economic downturns, as the sales figures for super yachts have shown to have grown astronomically during one of the worst periods of recession since the Great Depression (Boat). It seems that East Coast has grown considerably, in that assets increased $40 million between 2009 and 2010. With a net $17.8 million growth in debt in the current year, the company raised much needed capital. Ms Warren has admitted that poor planning has led to a volatile situation.

Dust exposure and respiratory symptoms among cement factory workers in Assignment

Dust exposure and respiratory symptoms among cement factory workers in the United arab emirates - Assignment Example They then compared the estimated amount to the limit of exposure. They then used the information to determine the respiratory symptoms occurrence among those that are exposed and compare to those that are not exposed to the dust. The information collected was used by Ahmed & Abdullah (2012) to evaluate the details in relation to the use of necessary equipment for respiratory infection protection. The hypothesis of the study is that; the dust level of the factory is low and the same can be said to the level of exposure among the workers thus there are no prevalence difference among the exposed subjects and the non-exposed ones. The importance of the study was that it helped in the determination of the level of United Arab Emirates cement factories’ workers exposure to dust. The data collected was therefore used to determine if the cement factories in the United Arab Emirates have increased the rate of respiratory infections among the workers. It also looked at the use of the protection gears as the mitigation measure and the effects that it has caused (Ahmed & Abdullah, 2012). Cement manufacturing has several processes that include mining, raw material grinding and crashing, kiln burning and blending for clinker formation, milling of cement and packaging. During this processes, there is an emanation of dust thus making the workers exposed to it. There are several researchers that have linked the occupational exposure that is chronic to the chronic respiratory infections among workers exposed. The signs and symptoms of these infections include sputum, coughing, dyspenia and alteration of the indices of pulmonary functioning. This is contrary to the findings of some of the researchers that most of the respiratory symptoms between most of the unexposed and exposed workers have difference that is not significant (Ahmed & Abdullah, 2012). The hypothesis was tested at one of the United Arab Emirates factories. The selected factory had never been sampled

Selection Of A Pressure Vessel Manufacturer Essay

Selection Of A Pressure Vessel Manufacturer - Essay Example Further more the visit was to check the offer made in the proposals. This means that if Atomic products or Nuclear vessels quoted price x, is that what it is going to be at the end, why is the price x, is there better Quality because of higher price, are they offering something more because of the price and so on. In short , discover the story behind the story. Furthermore in terms of feasibility both were relatively feasible. Atomic products had a fixed price which was lesser to Nuclear vessels. However Nuclear vessels because of their variable cost they could end up to be cheaper then Atomic products. Further feasibility factors are discussed later in the answer. The second factor was to weigh the pros and cons of the two short listed suppliers. Even though this is discussed in detail in answer 3 and four, but in essence the discovery was that both of them were in comparison better in one field and relatively worse of in the other field. The fourth factor was to discover the story behind the story. In essence they did discover the story behind the story. The detailed answer is in question 4, but the summary of it would be that in nature, motivation and cooperation which play an essential part in any company even though on paper (proposal) one seems to be better. Furthermore a product is not good if it is cheap and of bad quality. Likewise guarantee is no good if the product does not meet specifications. In the end one ends up with no product with a period of time lost. The fifth factor was to evaluate whether the vision of Oceanics Company would materialize if the task was given to Atomic products or Nuclear vessels. This factor would be highly dependent on the perception of the Oceanics representative. As the case speaks that after the proposal and after the two visits Jack Tooles, the representative of Oceanics Company was in split between the two companies. Therefore the vision that Oceanics Company has, is applicable to both companies. Hence this completes the evaluation for both companies. 3. Based on the face value of the written proposals, which company appeared to submit the better offer which is better Proposal Point ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR VESSELS Price.(estimated costs) x Price.(variable costs) Hence resultant lower costs x Shop facilities x x Past experience x Need for Subcontracting x Organization. x x Delivery. x x Guarantee x As the summary shows

The role of information systems management Essay

The role of information systems management - Essay Example The information collected from several resources gathers, and processes the same under the auspices of top executives in order to convert the collected information into a meaningful output. In olden days these complicated processes required manual labor; whereas with the evolution of information technology, human efforts have been replaced by technologically developed information systems. According to Ward (1995), the evolution of improved technologies changed and eliminated some aspects of traditional information processing which forced management to develop new processes in order to match with the recent technology (p.1). Hence, there arises a need of giving specific attention to the management of information systems. Even though newly introduced information systems increased the authenticity of business performance, the top executives who were dealing with them had no accurate knowledge about its operations. Issues like organizational resistance to change, vendor selection, maintenance costs etc are to be dealt with due care in order to attain the anticipated outcome of ISM (McFarlan, 2003). If the information are gathered and processed in a wrong way, the management will not be able to interpret the actual facts and thereby it would lead to business failure. Hence, the information systems management (ISM) aims to coordinate various information processes efficient ly and flawlessly in order to attain the long-term objectives of a business. For instance, we take the case of a car manufacturing firm (say Hyundai) in order to substantiate the mission and goals of an information systems management. The Hyundai has a well developed information system for the formulation of suitable business strategies. The company requires right time information on market trends in car models, satisfactory price level for customers, and ultra modern facilities. Similarly, a market forecast on the basis of the acquired data

Selection Of A Pressure Vessel Manufacturer Essay

Selection Of A Pressure Vessel Manufacturer - Essay Example Further more the visit was to check the offer made in the proposals. This means that if Atomic products or Nuclear vessels quoted price x, is that what it is going to be at the end, why is the price x, is there better Quality because of higher price, are they offering something more because of the price and so on. In short , discover the story behind the story. Furthermore in terms of feasibility both were relatively feasible. Atomic products had a fixed price which was lesser to Nuclear vessels. However Nuclear vessels because of their variable cost they could end up to be cheaper then Atomic products. Further feasibility factors are discussed later in the answer. The second factor was to weigh the pros and cons of the two short listed suppliers. Even though this is discussed in detail in answer 3 and four, but in essence the discovery was that both of them were in comparison better in one field and relatively worse of in the other field. The fourth factor was to discover the story behind the story. In essence they did discover the story behind the story. The detailed answer is in question 4, but the summary of it would be that in nature, motivation and cooperation which play an essential part in any company even though on paper (proposal) one seems to be better. Furthermore a product is not good if it is cheap and of bad quality. Likewise guarantee is no good if the product does not meet specifications. In the end one ends up with no product with a period of time lost. The fifth factor was to evaluate whether the vision of Oceanics Company would materialize if the task was given to Atomic products or Nuclear vessels. This factor would be highly dependent on the perception of the Oceanics representative. As the case speaks that after the proposal and after the two visits Jack Tooles, the representative of Oceanics Company was in split between the two companies. Therefore the vision that Oceanics Company has, is applicable to both companies. Hence this completes the evaluation for both companies. 3. Based on the face value of the written proposals, which company appeared to submit the better offer which is better Proposal Point ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR VESSELS Price.(estimated costs) x Price.(variable costs) Hence resultant lower costs x Shop facilities x x Past experience x Need for Subcontracting x Organization. x x Delivery. x x Guarantee x As the summary shows

Database Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Database Management - Research Paper Example It is essential to know the techniques of data modeling and implementation in order to draw effective information. And this is possible only for a well modeled data. The tutorial presents real life scenarios that a company might face from the time of its initialization to the time when it has let go of certain high salary employees in situations of crises e.g. limited company finances. The tutorial teaches how big organizational level decisions can be reached upon by executing a simple query on the database and extracting the exact subset of information relevant to a particular decision e.g. generating a list of employees with a particular range of salaries. This example merely gives an introduction of how statistical analysis can be conducted on large scale databases. Having relevant information aids in making better decisions. And relevant information can only be acquired through effective data modeling and implementation. The tutorial covers all the three aspects that are consider ed while adding a data base functionality to a company; data modeling, data storing and data accessing.

Ice Cream Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream Essay According to market research conducted in 1996, 80% of Filipino consumers bought on impulse (they bought only upon passing an ice cream shop or scooping station, but without an intention to buy first); 98% ate ice cream was an afternoon snack. Furthermore, studies showed that per capita consumption of ice cream was less than a forth of a gallon per person per year. In 1992, it stood at 0. 23 gallons per person and declined to 0. 20 in 1993. On average, domestic ice cream market was 13. 8 million gallons from 1991-1993, worth estimated p 2. 5-3 billion per annum. Bulk ice cream comprised 86% of the industry sales while the rest was accounted for by frozen novelties. Main competitors in this include San Miguel Corporation’s (SMC) Magnolia and RFM’s Selecta. Magnolia Other trailing competitors are Universal Robina Corporation’s (URC) Presto, Arce Dairy Ice Cream, and Pure food’s Coney Island, as well as foreign brands like Baskin-Robbins ,Dreyer’s and Haagen-Dazs. Magnolia – The pioneer ice cream brand in terms of flavour, quality control, variety, technology and distribution produced by the merger of SMC and Nestle. It introduced the Flavor of the Month series that provided a huge variety of ice cream flavours to the consumer, with projected volumes of FoM ice cream sold reaching over 28 million gallons. It pioneered the introduction of tropical fruit flavours. It was the first to achieve International Standards Organization quality standards, and is the only Filipino ice cream brand that has expanded overseas. Magnolia is poised as the main competitor, as it aims to be at the forefront of the dairy industry. With increasing competition, MNC intends to make its products available in neighborhood stores and major outlets; introduce a feedback mechanism that will help the corporation monitor the market; and employ new approaches to selling. Currently, magnolia is the preferred choice of many five star hotels, fine dining restaurants, sports and country clubs and food chains. Presto – this brand claims value for money, as part of the corporate philosophy of the Gokongweis, owners of JG summit corp. hich URC is part of, which is to make available value-for-money items for all its consumer-branded products, and as such has positioned its prices lower than Magnolia Selecta. Presto excels in the frozen novelties market, as was demonstrated in their introduction of Tivoli bars, the first ice cream bar in the Philippines, a phenomenal success that had competitors challenge it with their own versions of ice cream bars. Presto currently holding the number three position, is determined to fu rther widen its market share and catch up with the giants. Thus, the company is eyeing the possibility of plant capacity expansion and wider distribution network. It is also determined to enhance its advertising campaigns and be very active in the communication field. Arce Dairy – This ice cream brand was started in January 1995 and immediately got hold of a 5% market share. Its trademark was the use of carabao milk as base, comfortably within the 5-16% fat content requirement to be called ice cream because carabao milk contains considerably more fat than cow milk (9. 65% as opposed to 4. 16%). Only the expensive ice cream (super deluxe and super special) of Arce contain carabao milk, and are priced at higher than the rates of the competition, showing that Arce’s main strength is its appeal to the AB market where its products cost P3-5 more than its competitors’ products, and as its regular ice cream products are priced lower than its competitors by P3-5 which indicates its attempt to appeal to the CD market’s tendency to want every peso to count. Coney Island – 1976 saw the entry of Coney Island in the local ice cream market. It introduced a new standard of creaminess thanks to its products’ high milk fat content, setting a standard for flavour richness back then. Purefoods acquired it in 1991 and increased its production capacity without having neglected the improvement of its quality. In line with Pure Food’s rule of following the highest international standards, Coney Island tried to implement the zero-vegetable fat and at least 10 percent milk fat standard of US ice cream. It used high quality ingredients like Callebaut chocolate from Belgium for its top-of-the-line products such as the Premium Bar, Pure and Simple and Bugs Bunny Bar. It repositioned itself in the market in 1995 to improve local competitiveness. It marketed its products as â€Å"Not Just Ordinary Ice Cream†, supported by new flavours and packaging. Coney Island revised its product classification, and began categorizing its bulk ice cream as simply creamy, fruit and nuts, and cakes and pastries instead of the traditional premium and super premium. This move was inspired by a study that showed that consumers buy ice cream on the basis of flavour concepts. Foreign Brands – Foreign include Haagen-Dazs, Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream and Baskin-Robbins. Dreyers was the first to penetrate the local market.

Amazon strategies to manage its inventory

Amazon strategies to manage its inventory Amazon .com called itself Earths Biggest Bookstore because it has been ranked as the best consumer e-business. It sells books, music over the internet. From both market and supply chain management point of views, Amazon has some challenges and strengths. Managing inventory is one of the company opportunities to overcome its financial barriers regarding the warehouses and shipping costs. Amazon follows some strategies to manage its inventories. It had the decision to outsource its inventory to reduce its inventory costs and to sell competitors products on its site to achieve both managing its customer relationship and sustaining its competitive advantage. As its competitors estimate that Amazon.Com has the highest percentage of the e-business bookstore. So, Amazon tries to share its information and outsources this area of its business to improve inventory cost and customer service levels. 1- Amazonstrategies to manage its inventory: Amazon found the decision of stocking the stores with all the possible products was not the right one. Although that the customer might choose not to purchase if there are not enough goods in the stock, It decided to manage its inventory in the season of 2000, following certain strategies. It started from reducing the warehouses, concentrating more on the quality of the products and the manufacturer or the publisher of the products. Then it had to decide the center of distribution it can send its products to and know how to receive and track the product once it was in the warehouse. Amazon also decided to buy its products directly from the manufacturer to sustain its vendors relationships to gain the best deal from them. Amazon.com developed a distribution infrastructure to provide its customers with the fast delivery from the company directly. Its distribution facilities have the great impact on increasing its products that are delivered and shipped very fast to the customers. The quick shipping process comes out of the great availability of the goods to achieve its customer satisfaction. This network distribution is called manufacturer storage with direct shipping which is one of the six distinct distribution network designs. It has advantages and disadvantages. Through this network, manufacturer storage with direct shipping can be appropriated for a large variety of low demand, high value items with several partial shipments. Drop-shipping model is also suitable if it allows the manufacturer to postpone customization, and there should be few sourcing locations per order. Drop shipping is not be suitable to be used if there are multiple locations that have to shipped directly to customers on a regu lar basis. Amazon can centralize inventories at the manufacture and then save inventory costs. Also, Drop shipping offers the manufacturer the opportunity to further lower inventories by postponing customization until after the customer order has been placed. However, when a customer orders several items from several manufacturers such as Ingram and Amazon, this include multiple shipments to the customer and thus increase costs. Also, this business model can has negative effect on Amazons competitive advantage by making no entry barriers for competitors because of its popularity and better margins (Chopra, 2001 ) . In terms of handling costs because the manufacturer has to deliver the order directly to the customer, Amazon developed its software to manage the split shipment if multiple items are ordered. So Amazon needs to share its information with the suppliers to provide the customers with the product availability and order processing to save time and reduce inventories. However, Cachon and Fisher point in their paper Supply Chain Inventory Management and the Value of Shared Information that information technology or software give the retailer the chance to share demand and inventory data faster and cheaper. They investigate how information sharing whether it is traditional information sharing or full information sharing between the retailer and the supplier affects supply chain inventory management regarding reducing lead times and increasing delivery frequency by reducing shipment batch sizes. The result of the study they have done is that the average of full shard information policy in supply chain costs is lower than of traditional information policy. But from Chopras and Meind perspective IT must be fully shared between all the stakeholders; suppliers and retailer. Amazon.com provides its customers with experience from beginning to end and own the whole data which gives them all the information they need about the product availability though the invent ory is located at the manufacturer. At the same time the buyers should have a clear idea about the order processing that is placed at the retailer. By owning such a system, Amazon could achieve high level of customers services because the information is directly linked to the customers in the system. As the company expands its operations, these systems are replicated across the distribution centers. Amazon.coms case is a good examples that illustrates how evolving industry standards can affect data-sharing strategies between customers and suppliers because it does not stock all the books advertised on its site, but shares customers order data with suppliers to speed customers orders.. This system solves the problem of inventory costs because Amazon. com spent US300m in 1999 to outfit the 3 million square feet of warehouse space. Finally Amazon does not need to stock every single item in the warehouse. Instead of that, the retailers or their vendors will send the products without eve r being stocked on the shelves of the warehouses. So, it started to develop its software to increase competitive pressures on all on line retailers in general and to rearrange its warehouses in different regions in particular. Amazons unique strategy is described as change and growing intense competition. Its systems and network infrastructure increase the traffic on its Web site and expanding sales volume through its transaction-processing systems. Amazons main concern regarding its network distribution and software is to avoid the unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, weakens customer service and impaired quality and speed of order fulfillment, or the postpone in supporting the customer with the accurate financial information. 2) Outsourcing its inventory management: I think Amazon had taken the right decision to outsource its inventory management. In the case of Amazon did not outsourced all of its inventories but it keeps its popular ounces. This was a good decision for many reasons; the major ounces are to cut down its costs and give particular concern on it core activities. It partnered with other distributors for shipping the inventory like Ingram Micro and Cell Star. At the time the partners shipped the items, Amazon concentrated on its e-commerce expertise. Also, Amazon managed order fulfillment while Toys R Us managed the supply processes. Amazon outsourced much of its fulfillment. Although it acquired more than 4.5 million square feet of warehouse space worldwide by the end of 2000, it is using only 40 percent of its warehouse space. Through outsourcing; Amazon increases its efficiencies in distribution. From a another perspective there are Some risks of outsourcing because of the complexity, confusion or unclear decision making, and bro ken information flows in decentralizing, which can be corrected by redesigning processes and improving information technologies. Others thinks that small companies only can get benefit from outsourcing or third party because they need experience and supports in technology. However outsourcing leads large companies to have complex supply chains and many distribution managers (Razzaque and Cheng 1998). Amazon outsourcing inventory contributes to profits through providing its employees and users with the methods and strategies to maintain the firms competitive advantage, adding value to the goods, enriching customer service and assisting in opening new markets. One of the benefits of third party logistics is providing provide their customers experience that otherwise would be hard to acquire in-house. An company should consider certain criteria in outsourcing process such as quality, capacity, labor, scheduling and skill to be important in a make-or-buy decision (Razzaque and Cheng 1998). In Amazons case, it had an agreement with Ingram Micro Inc be cause it is one of the largest wholesale of electronic goods to provide logistics to services for computers at Amazon. com. Moreover, it has great experience in distributing process and customer satisfaction. 3- Selling others products on its website The idea of selling other competitors products on Amazons site is very profitable because the clients can be aware of the prices of others product compared with Amazon. This provides the company with more profits without making advertising to their low price products. It opens new stores on its site to give greater availability of the products and draw more customers. IT gives the customers the chance to turn to Amazon to buy more than books and music especially because Amazon handled the site orders, while the third party company handled the inventory. It may seem at first that a customer always wants the highest level of performance along all these dimensions. In practice, however, this is not always the case. Customers ordering a book at Amazon.com are willing to wait longer than those that drive to a nearby Borders store to get the same book. Customers have the advantages to find a variety of books at Amazon compared to the Borders store. On the other hand, firms that target cust omers who value short response times need to locate close to them. These firms must have many facilities, with each location having a low capacity. Thus, a decrease in the response time customers desire increases the number of facilities required in the network. For example, Borders provides its customers with books on the same day but requires about 400 stores to achieve this goal for most of the United States. Amazon, on the other hand, takes about a week to deliver a book to its customers, but only uses about 5 locations to store its books.

The Media: Creating Controversy to Make a Quick Buck :: Race and the Media Essays

It seems that the world likes controversy because it is everywhere; on television, online, and in the newspaper. In this technology era, we can’t to get away from controversy, due to easy access on our smartphones, tablets, and lab tops. Controversy can be found in many situations in our lives and found in many subjects in the media, for example sex, religion, politics and a lot of time when it comes to race. The first topic discussed will be what is controversy? Next, is controversy need in the media? Then, why is controversy used in the media and is it necessary? As well as should controversial content be removed from the media and would removing controversy content make a difference in any way to the audience. This essay will also discuss how media presents different sides of the issue and how the media affects public opinion on the Travon Martin murder in Florida. Discussing these topics will also help us understand how to decipher controversy, in the way of does contr oversy help resolve or exacerbate controversial situations in the media. Controversy is a lengthy public disagreement or debate over many conflicting opinions. In the media there is no shortage of controversy. It seems that all controversy are over the following topics, politics, religion, sex, economics, finances, culture and race (P. Ferreira, 2013). I would not say controversy is needed in American or even the world. However America and even the entire world were built on controversy (Davenport, 2012). Since we all do not share the same opinions in every aspect or major topics in the world, because of this controversy is created sometimes voluntary and involuntary. What the media does is bring all opinions from within America and around the world to a large group of people, which in turns creates controversy out in the open to the public. Controversy is need in the world, because without it we would not know or learn all other aspects to a specific topic. For example, the crime in America is higher than other countries in the world. Some people would say that it is due to the exorbitant gun-ownership in America (Davenport, 2012). However other people’s opinions say it is not guns that kill people it is people that kill people, and other say it is the people that locate guns illegally that commit most of the killing in America.

Legal Implicaiotn of human resource management Essay

A union is an organization of workers, acting collectively, seeking to promote and protect its mutual interests through collective bargaining. However, before we can examine the activities surrounding the collective bargaining process, it is important to understand the laws that govern the labor-management process, what unions are and how employees unionize. Although the current percentage of the workforce that is unionized has declined steadily, there are still many employees who feel that the workforce is primed for a positive response by employees to a new effort in organizing. The main reasons for union organizing are: higher wages and benefits, greater job security, influence over work rules, compulsory membership and being upset with management. Among various reasons why employees join a union, we see one common factor: management, specially the first-line supervisor. If employees are upset with the way their supervisor handles problems, upset over how a coworker has been disciplines, and so on, they are likely to seek help from a union. In fact, it is reasonable to believe that when employees vote to unionize, it’s often a vote against their immediate supervisor rather than a vote in support of particular union. CASE: In the provided case, the employees are upset with company since employer rolled out its plan to organize employees into teams, change job titles, work assignments and the pay structure. Beside that employees were told â€Å"this is how it will be. † I am working as the top HR Manager and have to deal with this situation. First of all I would learn some basic legal implications of union organizing. The legal framework for labor-management relationships has played a crucial role in its development. There are two important laws that have shaped much of the labor relations process. Wagner Act: Also knows as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, this act gave employees that right to form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining. The Wagner Act is cited a shifting the pendulum of power to favor unions for the first time in U. S labor history. This was achieved, in part, through the establishment of National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The Wager Act provided the legal recognition of unions as legitimate interest groups in American society, but many employers opposed its purposes. Some employers, too, failed to live up to the requirements of its provisions. Thus, the belief that the balance of power had swung too far to labor’s side, and the public outcry stemming from post-World War II strikes, led to passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (Labor- Management Relations Act) in 1947. The Taft-Hartley Act: Amended the Wagner Act by addressing employers’ concerns in terms of specifying unfair union labor practices. Realizing that unions and employers might not reach agreement and that work stoppages might occur, Taft-Hartley also created the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) as an independent agency separate from the Department of Labor. FMCS is a government agency that assists Labor and management in settling disputes. The Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts were the most important laws influencing labor-management relationships in the United States, but there are other laws that influence the labor organizing. Specifically, these are the Railway Labor Act; the Land rum Griffin Act; Executive Orders 10988 and 11491; the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970; and the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (discussed in previous module) is as relevant to labor organizations as it is to management. Title VII of the act is focused on this subject. In the provided case, it seems like there is already union getting into shape. The labor laws do permit us as HR Manager to defend ourselves against the union campaign, but we must do it properly. I would follow the following guidelines of what to do and what not to do during the organizing drive. * If your employees ask for your opinion on unionization (as my supervisor is asking me this question), should respond in a natural manner. For example, â€Å"I really have no position on the issue. Do what you think is best. * You can prohibit union-organizing activates in your workplace during work hours only if they interfere with work operation. This may apply to the organization’s e-mail, too. * You can prohibit outside union organizers from distributing union information in the workplace. * Employees have the right to distribute union information to other employees during breaks and lunch periods. * Don’t question employees publicly or privately about union-organizing activities- for example, â€Å"Are you planning to go to that union rally this weekend? but if an employee freely tells you about the activities, you may listen. * Don’t spy on employees’ union activities, for example, by standing in the cafeteria to see who is distributing pro-union literature. * Don’t make any threats or promises related to the possibility of unionization. For example, â€Å"If this union effort succeeds, upper management is seriously thinking about closing down this plant, but if it’s defeated, they may push through an immediate wage increase. * Don’t discriminate against any employee who is involved in the unionization effort. Be on eh lookout for efforts by the union to coerce employees to join its ranks. This activity by unions is an unfair labor practice. If you see this occurring, report to your boss or to HR. Company might slow want to consider filing a complaint against the union with NLRB. Keeping all the above points checked, I will also keep in mind that union organizing drives may or may not be successful, but when they do achieve their goal to become the exclusive bargaining age, the next step is to negotiate the contract or demands. Now, I’ll get myself ready along with my first line supervisors, for the next expected step: collective bargaining. This typically refers to the negotiation, administration, and interpretation of a written agreement between two parties that covers a specific period of time. This agreement, or contract, lays out in specific terms the conditions of employment that is, what is expected of employees and any limits to management’s authority. Although collective bargaining is mostly used in public sectors, however it is also common in private sector. My employees are upset because of three months old change; based on my supervisor’s comments I assume that union has been certified; I might come up with a new set of interpretation of this change between my management and employees. I will make sure that my management and the union must negotiate in good faith over these issues. I would follow the following collective bargaining process outline in order to resolve these issues: Preparing to Negotiate: Once a union has been certified as the bargaining unit, both union and management begin the ongoing activity of preparing for negotiations. We can consider the preparation for negotiation as composed of three activities: fact gathering, goal setting, and strategy development. Information is acquired from both internal and external sources. With all the collection of this background information in hand, and tentative goals established both union and management must put together the most difficult part of the bargaining preparation activities, a strategy for negotiations. This includes assessing the other side’s power and specific tactics. Negotiating at the Bargaining Table: Negotiation customarily begins with the union delivering to management a list of â€Å"demands. † By presenting many demands, the union creates significant room for trading in later stages of the negotiation; it also disguises the union’s real position, leaving management to determine which demands are adamantly sought, which are moderately sought, and which the union is prepared to quickly abandon. Real negotiations typically go on behind closed doors, each party tries to assess the relative priorities of the other’s demands, and each begins to combine proposals into viable packages. Next comes the attempt to make management’s highest offer approximate the lowest demands that the union is willing to accept. Contract Administration: Once a contract is agreed upon and ratified, it must be administered. Contract administration involves four stages: (1) dissemination the agreements to all union members and mangers; (2) implementing the contract: (3) interpreting the contract and grievance resolution: and (4) monitoring activities during the contract period. Providing information to all concerned requires both parties to ensure that changes in contract language are spelled out. The stage of contract administration is ensuring that the agreement is implemented. All communicated changes now take effect, and both sides are expected to comply with the contract terms. The most important element of contract administration relates to spelling out a procedure for handling contractual disputes. These contracts have provisions for resolving specific, formally initiated grievances by employees concerning dissatisfaction with job-related issues. As an HR Manager for a company with 1500 employees, who are quite upset with our management and are unionizing, I have tried to come up with a plan to resolve this issue. First of all, I gathered the legal data in this respect, I proposed some guidelines to avoid unionizing and last, I have discussed the plan in detail to resolve the issue in provided case. I would like to comment that although historically, the relationship between labor and management was built on conflict and the nterests of labor and management were seen as basically at odds-each treating the other as the opposition. But times have somewhat changes. Management has become increasingly aware that successful efforts to increase productivity, improve quality, and lower costs require employee involvement and commitment. Similarly, some labor unions have recognized that they can help their members more by cooperating with management rather than fighting them which is quite positive for both management and employees.

China vs. american economy

China's economy will become the biggest in the world sometime very soon. According to the World Bank, the size of China's economy is $10. 1 trillion, compared with $14. 6 trillion for the U. S. , based on purchasing power parity (which adjusts exchange rates to account for the different prices people pay for goods and services across countries). But China is narrowing the gap in a hurry. Over the past 10 years, the annual real growth of China's gross domestic product averaged 10. 5 percent, compared with 1. ercent in the U. S. The Chinese economy increased at an annual rate of 9. 6 percent in the first half of 2011, vs. a rate of less than 1 percent in the U. S. America's days as top dog of global output are numbered, at best. Should we care? People from Thomas Friedman to Niall Ferguson cite the looming change at the top of the world economic rankings as a bellwether of broader American decline. â€Å"We are the United States of Deferred Maintenance. China is the People's Republic of Deferred Gratification. They save, invest, and build.We spend, orrow, and patch,† complained Friedman in a recent New York Times column. And yet having the world's largest economy isn't all it's cracked up to be†and you need look no further than the history of China and the U. S. to see that. The swelling size of China's economy may be a source of pride to the Chinese people, but America is still by far the better place to live†and will remain so for a long time. Although economists are skeptical about China's ability to sustain its current levels of growth, most agree it is only a matter of a few years before the Middle Kingdom's

French Canadians as Second Class Citizens

French Canadian as 2nd class citizens Since Canada was first formed the French were looked at as the â€Å"white negroes† and second class. This has caused multiple problems in the co-operation of the Canadian people. They were treated this way from all angles. At work at school on the streets in politics and ever at home. 33% of French were unemployed and those who did work were at English owned businesses and industries. Most were being payed the same as the females during the second world war. In the schools children were being taught a different religion in a different language. On the streets 1 5th of the people spoke English. Maurice Duplessis 20 April 1890 – 7 September 1959 served as the 16th  Premier of the canadian province of Quebec  from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to 1959. A founder and leader of the highly conservative  Union Nationale  party. During the Duplessis reign of 1946-19594 many Anglophone Canadian investors were the owners of the majority of the companies in Quebec. On March 24, 1937 Maurice passed the Padlock law. The law was ill-defined, denied the  presumption of innocence, and clearly denied the right of  freedom of speech  to individuals. Although it did have large restrictions on the English living in Quebec. This law was one great step for the French Canadians. During World War 2 many thousand of men and some women went to war, but most French Canadians did not want to volunteer to fight in the war. This brought on the conscription crisis of 1944. Because conscription was declared late in the war, only 2463 conscripted men reached the front lines. Out of these, 79 lost their lives.

How the events of the 1660s changed London Essay

How the events of the 1660s changed London - Essay Example By the end of 1660 things were subtly different within the city of London. London housed about 350, 000 people and it were dwarfing all the other major cities in England. The requirement to extend the city was at its peak. The reign of Charles II witnessed the extension of the city westwards with the inception of parks, squares and personal masterpiece with the title St. James’ which meticulously intrigue with the architecture of Wren inspired designs evolved with a major conflict between tradition and innovation. Contextually, the street plan of London was in a chaotic form still (Robinson, 2011; Monash University, 1997). The role of Monarchy in restoration of 1660 was crucial and it affected London to a great extent as well. Various laws passed by the Charles II manifested in smooth running of trade and commerce along with civil governance in London followed by its prosperity. The 1660 act of Indemnity and Oblivion enabled the restoration of the lands of Crown and Churches automatically thereby the confiscated land was made available for negotiation and litigation publicly (The Royal Household, 2009). Art, architecture and theatre of London saw a huge transition in its form, shape and execution in 1660 along with the huge leap of events in the field of science, technology, research and education. The establishment of Bank of England and the dissolve of open air theatre to restoration of comedy made more popular in England holding the hands of theatre practices in London. The coffee house trend was at its peak during the restoration period in London which helped to instigate seminal art and culture rapidly (Tiscali, 2013). In the field of scientific research, London witnessed a huge event in the month of November 1660, when ‘The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Science’ was established. The establishment of Dissenting Academy and its collaborative activity with

Lewin Theory Force-Field Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lewin Theory Force-Field Model - Essay Example He also argued that in order to realize desired change, the change agents should suppress the restraining forces but promote the driving forces of change. This model has been widely used in the health sector to introduce and implement change. Developing nursing theory of change from Lewin (1951), Force-Field Model, and its application in the medical/surgical floor. Change is a common occurrence in our society and natural environment all over the world. It is a common saying that the only permanent phenomenon is change. Change generally means the alteration of something or an organism in any of its aspects. For example, when one alters his or her behavior for any reason, then that is change. Since change is a very important phenomenon in our society, there has been a lot of debate about it in political, social and economic spheres. IIes and Sutherland (2001), observe that change can either be planned or emergent; the former denotes conscious reasoning plan to attain desirable change d ue to the flaws of the status quo. In contrast, emergent change happens spontaneously without plan and this type of change is fueled by both external and internal forces in an organization. Numerous theories have been developed to explain change and to give room for empirical research. Before we proceed, it is important to know what a theory is. A theory is a formal set of ideas that are intended to explain why something happens or exists (Hornby 2003). Lewin (1951), developed force-field model of change. The force field model was a major development for nursing change theories since it has influenced many of them. The nursing force field theory is considered to be the mother of nursing theories. The paper will explore the force field theory, its applications, and how it has evolved in the medical sector. According to IIes and Sutherland (2001), there is need for change in the health service and this need has been expressed by professionals, governments and researchers. Lewin (1951) , developed force field theory and it has had a great influence on nursing change theories. He offered an elaborate explanation on the behavior human beings through his force-field model of change. In the theory, Lewin conceptualized three steps, unfreezing, moving and refreezing, when he described the process of change (Bozak 2003). At the unfreezing stage the problem is identified. There have been many problems that nurses encounter during their practice like data management, poor working conditions, poor relationship with the hospital administration, and exposure to health risks among others. At this stage, the particular problem is identified and brainstorming is done to determine the most appropriate way of solving it. Once the problem has been identified, its solution is required through change to avoid breakdown or deterioration of an organization. When solving a problem, there are often obstacles that are met. Many often resist change due to fear of the unknown and the desir e to maintain the status quo. At this stage strategies are put in place to ensure that the resistance is appropriately dealt with. Generally, people resist change when they feel that they have been left out of the process. Change agents at this stage are to make nurses own the change by involving them in the negotiations and receiving their feedbacks on the intended change. Lewin classified factors causing change into two categories, driving and restraining forces. Driving forces include the underlying

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes - Essay Example There are a number of different terms for taxation and indeed taxation takes on many special sub categories. For example there are capital gains tax   which according to Reynolds (1999) represents a special tax placed on capital gains which are profits recognized from the sale of assets purchased at a lower price such as properties, commodities etc. A second example would be a corporate tax which is a specialized tax placed directly on a corporation or other such business entity (Depending on the jurisdiction). A third example would be an inheritance tax which can be any sort of taxes levied after the death of an individual. Tariffs often form an important element of taxation as it represents a specialized tax levied on the importation of goods or the movement of goods through a nation’s borders (this may hold special significance in an increasingly globalized economy). A last example of a specialized tax is called a toll which is some sort of fee levied for the right to tra vel on a maintained road or waterway, in this regard the income received from such a tax would typically be used to maintain the condition of the passageway.   What is important to keep in mind is that any particular jurisdiction may have any number of direct, indirect or specialized tax used in any combination to suit the needs of the local citizenry. In this regard taxation can be tailored to meet the specialized needs of a particular area. According to Smith (1776) it is the case that every state ought to contribute towards supporting.

Cotton On Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Cotton On - Assignment Example Internal analysis will also discuss the strategies adopted for attaining growth within the segment in coming years and how marketing mix has helped it to be different from its competitors. Cotton On’s target segment and its marketing strategies to promote products will also be discussed. External environment for Cotton On’s business activities will be discussed in a separate section. For analyzing the external environment, SWOT analysis will be utilized to understand the strengths and weakness as well as opportunities and threats coming from competitors’ business activities will also be analyzed. In addition, the surrounding environment, which includes the domestic and global market situation for the company, its size and the consumers of Cotton On’s products, will be assessed. The results derived from internal and external analysis of business environment for Cotton On will be utilized in the next stage to develop a set of objectives for the marketing of company’s products. These objectives will help further to develop marketing strategies which includes the selection of market segment and positioning of the brand. The suggested marketing objectives and strategies will be supported with the action plan, identification of individuals who are responsible to implement it, time schedule, and budgeting and performance analysis measures. Introduction Cotton On is one of the few organically Australian ready-to-wear (RTW) fashion label. Fairly young in the industry at less than 30 years old, they now have shops all over Australia, New Zealand, and America. It has uniquely mirrored the same image that Australia has project all over the world, relax, simple and comfortable. Its primary target is the youth, 15-30, who feels wants a simple no-nonsense style... The intention of this study is Cotton On as one of the few organically Australian ready-to-wear (RTW) fashion label. Fairly young in the industry at less than 30 years old, they now have shops all over Australia, New Zealand, and America. It has uniquely mirrored the same image that Australia has project all over the world, relax, simple and comfortable. Its primary target is the youth, 15-30, who feels wants a simple no-nonsense style that is flexible yet fashionable. Through the years, there has been constant effort from the brand to reinforce their image through TV commercials, print ads, and out-of-home advertisements. However, the fashion industry has witnessed an incredible shift of media consumption from traditional to digital. Many of these digital adaptors belong to the same target market that Cotton On caters to, young from the broad C. Many businesses have taken advantage of this by, early on, exerting the same effort digitally as they do above the line. Unfortunately, Cot ton On came in late. They, in fact, established their online store less than three years ago. Outside of the online store, very little effort has been exerted to utilize the digital media to reach the Cotton On target market. This lack of digital presence resulted to one of the biggest digital scandal in the business world when facebook members started spreading complaints and protests against Cotton On Children’s line. The protest claimed that Cotton On’s pieces contained â€Å"disrespectful† messages. Cotton On reacted late and not without considerable damage to the brand.

Management & Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management & Organisation - Essay Example The desire to function is motivation. Motivation refers to psychological aspects that have the ability to arouse in an individual the literal desire to achieve set goals besides sustaining, controlling, and eliciting specific goal-oriented behaviors (Kleinbeck, et. al., 2013). According to Miner (2012), Motivation plays three significant functions; assisting employees to understand their behavior, assisting managers to build and manage an effective motivation system, and provides conceptual tools for identification and analysis of various motivation problems. The following are some of the aspects of motivation within an organization. Discussions Needs Theories Indisputably, motivation revolves around behaviors and needs. Since motivation aims at the needs of the employees, various need theories towards motivation have been proposed. Examples of such needs theories include Murray’s theory of Human Personality, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, McClelland’s Achievement Motivation theory, and Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theories. Kleinbeck, et. al. (2013) add that within the contemporary environment there have been classifications that include cognitive and behavioral theories. Theories in these categories include expectancy, equity, goal setting, and behavior modification theories. Murray’s theory of human personality focuses on two forms of needs; physical and psychological. In this theory, both physical and psychological needs are a link connecting stimulus and employee’s reaction to the same (Kunitz, 2011). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory on the other hand focuses on five basic groups of necessities or basic needs. Maslow believes that these needs are so basic that every employee is motivated to achieve them (Kunitz, 2011). The needs include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. E.R.G. theory focuses on three groups of needs; existence, relatedness, and growth. The need for achievement, p ower, and affiliation form the epicenter of McClelland’s achievement motivation theory (Kunitz, 2011). Lastly, Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory focuses on the satisfiers and dissatisfies. In this theory the motivators include achievement, recognition, and specific work (Miner, 2012). Hygiene factors play a significant role in motivating employees. Expectancy/Goals Theories Expectancy or goal theories define how to motivate the employees. However, it is important to note that expectancy/goals theories are more sophisticated (Kunitz, 2011). Evidently employees are motivated if they expect they can achieve their goals that attract both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.

Dietary Supplement Essay Example for Free

Dietary Supplement Essay Taking any kind of supplements can also be a type of complementary or alternative medicine. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates medicine. A dietary supplement can be sold without research on how well it works. The benefit of taking dietary supplements is that they are designed to augment your daily intake of nutrients. Normally, you should be able to get all the nutrients you need from a well balanced diet. However, taking supplements can provide additional nutrients when your diet is lacking or when certain health conditions cause you to develop an insufficiency or deficiency. Multiple-vitamin supplements provide all the basic vitamins and minerals your body needs. These vitamins are generally safe because they only contain small amounts of each nutrient. Individual nutrients can also be sold as a dietary supplement, but in larger amounts than what’s found in a typical multiple-vitamin. These supplements may be used to treat a simple deficiency, such as an iron deficiency, but sometimes they’re used therapeutically to treat specific health conditions or risk factors. For example, large doses of niacin may be used to raise good cholesterol, and folic acid has been used to reduce the risk of a birth defect called spina bifida. The risk of taking dietary supplements is that some contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects in the body. This could make them unsafe in some situations and hurt or even complicate your health. Using dietary supplements could lead to harmful and even life-threatening consequences such as using supplements with medications whether prescription or over the counter and substituting them for prescriptions medicines. Taking too much of some of these supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and iron. Some supplements can also have unwanted effects before, during, and after surgery. Always inform your health care provider, including your pharmacist about any supplements your taking especially before surgery. The FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients under a different set of regulation than those covering â€Å"conventional† foods and drug products (prescription and Over-the-counter). Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the dietary supplement or dietary ingredient manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement or ingredient is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Manufacturers are required to produce dietary supplements to minimum quality standards and ensure that they do not contain any contaminants or impurities, and are accurately labeled. Generally, manufacturers do not need to register their products with FDA nor get approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Manufacturers must make sure that product label information is truthful and not misleading. The manufacturers are required to report all serious dietary supplement related adverse events or illnesses to the FDA as of December 2007. The FDA can take dietary supplements off the market if they are found to be unsafe, adulterated, or if the claims on the products are false and misleading. Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and spinach. Folic acid is used for preventing and treating low blood levels of folic acid as well as its complications, including â€Å"tired blood’ (anemia) and the inability of the bowel to absorb nutrients properly. Folic acid is also used for other conditions commonly associated with folic acid deficiency, including ulcerative colitis, liver disease, alcoholism, and kidney dialysis. Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent miscarriage and birth defects such as spina bifida that occur when the fetus’s spine and back don’t close during development. Folic acid is likely safe for most people. Most adults do not experience an aide effects when consuming the recommended amount each day, which is 400 mcg. High doses of folic acid might cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rash, sleep disorders, irritability, confusion, nausea, stomach upset, behaviors changes, skin reactions, seizures, gas, and excitability. There is some concern that taking too much folic acid for a long period of time might cause serious side effects. Some research suggests that taking folic acid in doses of 800-1200 mcg might increase the risk of heart attack in people who have heart problems. Other research suggests that taking these high doses might also increase the risk of cancer such as lung or prostate cancer. For folic acid deficiency: the typical dose is 250-1000 mcg per day. For preventing neural tube defects: at least 400 mcg of folic acid per day from supplements or fortified food should be taken by women capable of becoming pregnant and continued through the first month of pregnancy. Women with a history of previous pregnancy complicated by neural tude defects usually take 4 mg per day beginning one month before and continuing for three months after conception. References: www. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements www. wedmd. com/dietarysupplements www. fda. gov/food/dietarysupplements